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Linux上shmmax參數的設置及含義

 shmmax內核參數定義單個共享內存段的最大值,如果該參數設置小於Oracle SGA設置,那麼SGA就會被分配多個共享內存段。這在繁忙的系統中可能成為性能負擔,帶來系統問題。
  
  Linux上該參數的缺省值通常為32M。
  [root@neirong root]# more /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
  33554432
  
  可以通過ipcs命令查看此設置下共享內存的分配,我們可以看到Oracle分配了多個共享內存段以滿足SGA設置的需要:
  [root@neirong root]# ipcs -sa
  
  ------ Shared Memory Segments --------
  key    shmid   owner   perms   bytes   nattch   status
  0x00000000 884736   oracle  640    4194304  14
  0x00000000 917505   oracle  640    33554432  14
  0x00000000 950274   oracle  640    33554432  14
  0x00000000 983043   oracle  640    33554432  14
  0x00000000 1015812  oracle  640    33554432  14
  0x00000000 1048581  oracle  640    33554432  14
  0x00000000 1081350  oracle  640    33554432  14
  0x00000000 1114119  oracle  640    33554432  14
  0x00000000 1146888  oracle  640    33554432  14
  0x00000000 1179657  oracle  640    33554432  14
  0x00000000 1212426  oracle  640    33554432  14
  0x00000000 1245195  oracle  640    33554432  14
  0x00000000 1277964  oracle  640    33554432  14
  0x00000000 1310733  oracle  640    33554432  14
  0x00000000 1343502  oracle  640    33554432  14
  0x00000000 1376271  oracle  640    33554432  14
  0x00000000 1409040  oracle  640    33554432  14
  0x00000000 1441809  oracle  640    33554432  14
  0x00000000 1474578  oracle  640    33554432  14
  0x00000000 1507347  oracle  640    33554432  14
  0x00000000 1540116  oracle  640    33554432  14
  0x00000000 1572885  oracle  640    33554432  14
  0x00000000 1605654  oracle  640    33554432  14
  0x00000000 1638423  oracle  640    33554432  14
  0x00000000 1671192  oracle  640    33554432  14
  0x00000000 1703961  oracle  640    33554432  14
  0x7a9c9900 1736730  oracle  640    4194304  56
  
  ------ Semaphore Arrays --------
  key    semid   owner   perms   nsems
  0xfcf02e10 229376   oracle  640    154
  
  ------ Message Queues --------
  key    msqid   owner   perms   used-bytes  messages
  
  使用pmap我們可以看到每個共享內存段的地址空間
  
  [root@neirong root]# ps -efgrep 3102
  oracle  3102   1 0 09:27 ?    00:00:26 ora_dbw0_hsmkt
  root   3447 3397 0 10:39 pts/4  00:00:00 grep 3102
  
  [root@neirong root]# pmap 3102
  ora_dbw0_hsmkt[3102]
  08048000 (37308 KB)  r-XP (68:06 1525072) /opt/oracle/prodUCt/9.2.0/bin/oracle
  0a4b7000 (8804 KB)   rw-p (68:06 1525072) /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/bin/oracle
  0ad50000 (380 KB)   rw-p (00:00 0)
  50000000 (4096 KB)   rw-s (00:04 884736)  /SYSV00000000
  51000000 (32768 KB)  rw-s (00:04 917505)  /SYSV00000000



  53000000 (32768 KB)  rw-s (00:04 950274)  /SYSV00000000
  55000000 (32768 KB)  rw-s (00:04 983043)  /SYSV00000000
  57000000 (32768 KB)  rw-s (00:04 1015812) /SYSV00000000
  59000000 (32768 KB)  rw-s (00:04 1048581) /SYSV00000000
  5b000000 (32768 KB)  rw-s (00:04 1081350) /SYSV00000000
  5d000000 (32768 KB)  rw-s (00:04 1114119) /SYSV00000000
  5f000000 (32768 KB)  rw-s (00:04 1146888) /SYSV00000000
  61000000 (32768 KB)  rw-s (00:04 1179657) /SYSV00000000
  63000000 (32768 KB)  rw-s (00:04 1212426) /SYSV00000000
  65000000 (32768 KB)  rw-s (00:04 1245195) /SYSV00000000
  67000000 (32768 KB)  rw-s (00:04 1277964) /SYSV00000000
  69000000 (32768 KB)  rw-s (00:04 1310733) /SYSV00000000
  6b000000 (32768 KB)  rw-s (00:04 1343502) /SYSV00000000
  6d000000 (32768 KB)  rw-s (00:04 1376271) /SYSV00000000
  6f000000 (32768 KB)  rw-s (00:04 1409040) /SYSV00000000
  71000000 (32768 KB)  rw-s (00:04 1441809) /SYSV00000000
  73000000 (32768 KB)  rw-s (00:04 1474578) /SYSV00000000
  75000000 (32768 KB)  rw-s (00:04 1507347) /SYSV00000000
  77000000 (32768 KB)  rw-s (00:04 1540116) /SYSV00000000
  79000000 (32768 KB)  rw-s (00:04 1572885) /SYSV00000000
  7b000000 (32768 KB)  rw-s (00:04 1605654) /SYSV00000000
  7d000000 (32768 KB)  rw-s (00:04 1638423) /SYSV00000000
  7f000000 (32768 KB)  rw-s (00:04 1671192) /SYSV00000000
  81000000 (32768 KB)  rw-s (00:04 1703961) /SYSV00000000
  83000000 (4 KB)    r--s (00:04 1736730) /SYSV7a9c9900
  83001000 (644 KB)   rw-s (00:04 1736730) /SYSV7a9c9900
  830a2000 (4 KB)    r--s (00:04 1736730) /SYSV7a9c9900
  830a3000 (3444 KB)   rw-s (00:04 1736730) /SYSV7a9c9900
  b6ec2000 (44 KB)    r-xp (68:03 32811)  /lib/libnss_files-2.3.2.so
  b6ecd000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:03 32811)  /lib/libnss_files-2.3.2.so
  b6ece000 (512 KB)   rw-p (68:03 40360)  /dev/zero
  b6f4e000 (1140 KB)   rw-p (00:00 0)
  b706b000 (1224 KB)   r-xp (68:03 114692)  /lib/tls/libc-2.3.2.so
  b719d000 (12 KB)    rw-p (68:03 114692)  /lib/tls/libc-2.3.2.so
  b71a0000 (12 KB)    rw-p (00:00 0)
  b71a3000 (72 KB)    r-xp (68:03 32795)  /lib/libnsl-2.3.2.so
  b71b5000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:03 32795)  /lib/libnsl-2.3.2.so
  b71b6000 (8 KB)    rw-p (00:00 0)
  b71b8000 (52 KB)    r-xp (68:03 114696)  /lib/tls/libpthread-0.60.so
  b71c5000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:03 114696)  /lib/tls/libpthread-0.60.so
  b71c6000 (8 KB)    rw-p (00:00 0)
  b71c8000 (132 KB)   r-xp (68:03 114694)  /lib/tls/libm-2.3.2.so
  b71e9000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:03 114694)  /lib/tls/libm-2.3.2.so
  b71ea000 (8 KB)    r-xp (68:03 32791)  /lib/libdl-2.3.2.so
  b71ec000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:03 32791)  /lib/libdl-2.3.2.so
  b71ed000 (2940 KB)   r-xp (68:06 491677)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libjox9.so
  b74cc000 (1088 KB)   rw-p (68:06 491677)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libjox9.so
  b75dc000 (12 KB)    rw-p (00:00 0)
  b75df000 (4 KB)    r-xp (68:06 491685)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libskgxn9.so


  b75e0000 (8 KB)    rw-p (68:06 491685)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libskgxn9.so
  b75e2000 (4 KB)    r-xp (68:06 491567)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libskgxp9.so
  b75e3000 (4 KB)    ---p (68:06 491567)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libskgxp9.so
  b75e4000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:06 491567)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libskgxp9.so
  b75e5000 (4 KB)    r-xp (68:06 491688)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libodmd9.so
  b75e6000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:06 491688)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libodmd9.so
  b75e7000 (4 KB)    r-xp (68:03 101245)  /etc/libcwait.so
  b75e8000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:03 101245)  /etc/libcwait.so
  b75ea000 (4 KB)    rw-p (00:00 0)
  b75eb000 (84 KB)    r-xp (68:03 32778)  /lib/ld-2.3.2.so
  b7600000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:03 32778)  /lib/ld-2.3.2.so
  bfff8000 (32 KB)    rwxp (00:00 0)
  mapped: 881332 KB    writable/private: 12056 KB   shared: 827392 KB
  
  為了避免多個共享內存段,我們可以修改shmmax內核參數,使SGA存在於一個共享內存段中。
  
  通過修改/proc/sys/kernel/shmmax參數可以達到此目的。
  [root@neirong root]# echo 1073741824 > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
  [root@neirong root]# more /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
  1073741824
  
  這裡設為1G。
  
  對於shmmax文件的修改,系統重新啟動後會復位。可以通過修改 /etc/sysctl.conf 使更改永久化。
  
  在該文件內添加以下一行
  
  這個更改在系統重新啟動後生效
  kernel.shmmax = 1073741824
  
  重起數據庫使更改生效:
  SQL> shutdown immediate;
  Database closed.
  Database dismounted.
  ORACLE instance shut down.
  SQL> !
  [oracle@neirong oracle]$ ipcs -sa
  
  ------ Shared Memory Segments --------
  key    shmid   owner   perms   bytes   nattch   status
  
  ------ Semaphore Arrays --------
  key    semid   owner   perms   nsems
  
  ------ Message Queues --------
  key    msqid   owner   perms   used-bytes  messages
  
  [oracle@neirong oracle]$ exit
  exit
  
  SQL> startup
  ORACLE instance started.
  
  Total System Global Area 839980852 bytes
  Fixed Size          452404 bytes
  Variable Size       201326592 bytes
  Database Buffers     637534208 bytes
  Redo Buffers         667648 bytes
  Database mounted.
  Database opened.
  SQL> ! ipcs -sa
  
  ------ Shared Memory Segments --------
  key    shmid   owner   perms   bytes   nattch   status
  0x7a9c9900 1769472  oracle  640    859832320 35
  
  ------ Semaphore Arrays --------
  key    semid   owner   perms   nsems
  0xfcf02e10 360448   oracle  640    154
  
  ------ Message Queues --------
  key    msqid   owner   perms   used-bytes  messages
  
  此時進程的pmap映射顯示為:
  [oracle@neirong bdump]$ pmap 4178
  ora_lgwr_hsmkt[4178]
  08048000 (37308 KB)  r-xp (68:06 1525072) /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/bin/oracle
  0a4b7000 (8804 KB)   rw-p (68:06 1525072) /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/bin/oracle
  0ad50000 (3320 KB)   rw-p (00:00 0)
  50000000 (835584 KB)  rw-s (00:04 1835008) /SYSV7a9c9900


  83000000 (4 KB)    r--s (00:04 1835008) /SYSV7a9c9900
  83001000 (644 KB)   rw-s (00:04 1835008) /SYSV7a9c9900
  830a2000 (4 KB)    r--s (00:04 1835008) /SYSV7a9c9900
  830a3000 (3444 KB)   rw-s (00:04 1835008) /SYSV7a9c9900
  b6bb7000 (4112 KB)   rw-p (00:00 0)
  b6fbb000 (44 KB)    r-xp (68:03 32811)  /lib/libnss_files-2.3.2.so
  b6fc6000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:03 32811)  /lib/libnss_files-2.3.2.so
  b6fc7000 (512 KB)   rw-p (68:03 40360)  /dev/zero
  b7047000 (144 KB)   rw-p (00:00 0)
  b706b000 (1224 KB)   r-xp (68:03 114692)  /lib/tls/libc-2.3.2.so
  b719d000 (12 KB)    rw-p (68:03 114692)  /lib/tls/libc-2.3.2.so
  b71a0000 (12 KB)    rw-p (00:00 0)
  b71a3000 (72 KB)    r-xp (68:03 32795)  /lib/libnsl-2.3.2.so
  b71b5000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:03 32795)  /lib/libnsl-2.3.2.so
  b71b6000 (8 KB)    rw-p (00:00 0)
  b71b8000 (52 KB)    r-xp (68:03 114696)  /lib/tls/libpthread-0.60.so
  b71c5000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:03 114696)  /lib/tls/libpthread-0.60.so
  b71c6000 (8 KB)    rw-p (00:00 0)
  b71c8000 (132 KB)   r-xp (68:03 114694)  /lib/tls/libm-2.3.2.so
  b71e9000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:03 114694)  /lib/tls/libm-2.3.2.so
  b71ea000 (8 KB)    r-xp (68:03 32791)  /lib/libdl-2.3.2.so
  b71ec000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:03 32791)  /lib/libdl-2.3.2.so
  b71ed000 (2940 KB)   r-xp (68:06 491677)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libjox9.so
  b74cc000 (1088 KB)   rw-p (68:06 491677)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libjox9.so
  b75dc000 (12 KB)    rw-p (00:00 0)
  b75df000 (4 KB)    r-xp (68:06 491685)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libskgxn9.so
  b75e0000 (8 KB)    rw-p (68:06 491685)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libskgxn9.so
  b75e2000 (4 KB)    r-xp (68:06 491567)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libskgxp9.so
  b75e3000 (4 KB)    ---p (68:06 491567)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libskgxp9.so
  b75e4000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:06 491567)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libskgxp9.so
  b75e5000 (4 KB)    r-xp (68:06 491688)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libodmd9.so
  b75e6000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:06 491688)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libodmd9.so
  b75e7000 (4 KB)    r-xp (68:03 101245)  /etc/libcwait.so
  b75e8000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:03 101245)  /etc/libcwait.so
  b75ea000 (4 KB)    rw-p (00:00 0)
  b75eb000 (84 KB)    r-xp (68:03 32778)  /lib/ld-2.3.2.so
  b7600000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:03 32778)  /lib/ld-2.3.2.so
  bfffc000 (16 KB)    rwxp (00:00 0)
  mapped: 899660 KB    writable/private: 18096 KB   shared: 839680 KB
  
  實際上,如果沒有修改shmmax參數,Oracle在啟動過程中就會報出以下錯誤:
  Starting ORACLE instance (normal)
  Thu Nov 17 09:27:29 2005
  WARNING: EINVAL creating segment of size 0x0000000033400000
  fix shm parameters in /etc/system or equivalent



  b71ec000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:03 32791)  /lib/libdl-2.3.2.so
  b71ed000 (2940 KB)   r-xp (68:06 491677)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libjox9.so
  b74cc000 (1088 KB)   rw-p (68:06 491677)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libjox9.so
  b75dc000 (12 KB)    rw-p (00:00 0)
  b75df000 (4 KB)    r-xp (68:06 491685)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libskgxn9.so
  b75e0000 (8 KB)    rw-p (68:06 491685)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libskgxn9.so
  b75e2000 (4 KB)    r-xp (68:06 491567)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libskgxp9.so
  b75e3000 (4 KB)    ---p (68:06 491567)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libskgxp9.so
  b75e4000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:06 491567)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libskgxp9.so
  b75e5000 (4 KB)    r-xp (68:06 491688)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libodmd9.so
  b75e6000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:06 491688)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libodmd9.so
  b75e7000 (4 KB)    r-xp (68:03 101245)  /etc/libcwait.so
  b75e8000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:03 101245)  /etc/libcwait.so
  b75ea000 (4 KB)    rw-p (00:00 0)
  b75eb000 (84 KB)    r-xp (68:03 32778)  /lib/ld-2.3.2.so
  b7600000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:03 32778)  /lib/ld-2.3.2.so
  bfffc000 (16 KB)    rwxp (00:00 0)
  mapped: 899660 KB    writable/private: 18096 KB   shared: 839680 KB
  
  實際上,如果沒有修改shmmax參數,Oracle在啟動過程中就會報出以下錯誤:
  Starting ORACLE instance (normal)
  Thu Nov 17 09:27:29 2005
  WARNING: EINVAL creating segment of size 0x0000000033400000
  fix shm parameters in /etc/system or equivalent



  b71e9000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:03 114694)  /lib/tls/libm-2.3.2.so
  b71ea000 (8 KB)    r-xp (68:03 32791)  /lib/libdl-2.3.2.so
  b71ec000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:03 32791)  /lib/libdl-2.3.2.so
  b71ed000 (2940 KB)   r-xp (68:06 491677)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libjox9.so
  b74cc000 (1088 KB)   rw-p (68:06 491677)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libjox9.so
  b75dc000 (12 KB)    rw-p (00:00 0)
  b75df000 (4 KB)    r-xp (68:06 491685)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libskgxn9.so
  b75e0000 (8 KB)    rw-p (68:06 491685)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libskgxn9.so
  b75e2000 (4 KB)    r-xp (68:06 491567)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libskgxp9.so
  b75e3000 (4 KB)    ---p (68:06 491567)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libskgxp9.so
  b75e4000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:06 491567)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libskgxp9.so
  b75e5000 (4 KB)    r-xp (68:06 491688)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libodmd9.so
  b75e6000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:06 491688)  /opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/lib/libodmd9.so
  b75e7000 (4 KB)    r-xp (68:03 101245)  /etc/libcwait.so
  b75e8000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:03 101245)  /etc/libcwait.so
  b75ea000 (4 KB)    rw-p (00:00 0)
  b75eb000 (84 KB)    r-xp (68:03 32778)  /lib/ld-2.3.2.so
  b7600000 (4 KB)    rw-p (68:03 32778)  /lib/ld-2.3.2.so
  bfffc000 (16 KB)    rwxp (00:00 0)
  mapped: 899660 KB    writable/private: 18096 KB   shared: 839680 KB
  
  實際上,如果沒有修改shmmax參數,Oracle在啟動過程中就會報出以下錯誤:
  Starting ORACLE instance (normal)
  Thu Nov 17 09:27:29 2005
  WARNING: EINVAL creating segment of size 0x0000000033400000
  fix shm parameters in /etc/system or equivalent



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