tar命令使用及tar實現全備份和增量備份
首先弄清楚何為全備、增量備份、差異備份。簡而言之，可以這樣理解：
全備：對所有的文件做一次備份。
增量備份：本次和上一次的的差異。
差異備份：在全備的基礎上做備份。
一 tar命令
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#創建測試文件夾和文件
[root@serv01 web]# cd /data
[root@serv01 data]# ls
[root@serv01 data]# mkdir /work
[root@serv01 data]# mkdir /work/upload
[root@serv01 data]# cd /work/upload/
[root@serv01 upload]# touchaa0{1,2,3,4,5}.txt
[root@serv01 upload]# ls
aa01.txt aa02.txt aa03.txt aa04.txt aa05.txt
#創建壓縮包
[root@serv01 data]# tar -cvf upload01.tar/work/upload/
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
/work/upload/
/work/upload/aa03.txt
/work/upload/aa01.txt
/work/upload/aa04.txt
/work/upload/aa05.txt
/work/upload/aa02.txt
#查看壓縮包裡面包含的文件
[root@serv01 data]# tar -tf upload01.tar
work/upload/
work/upload/aa03.txt
work/upload/aa01.txt
work/upload/aa04.txt
work/upload/aa05.txt
work/upload/aa02.txt
#刪除掉數據，模擬數據丟失
[root@serv01 data]# rm -rf /work
#解壓
[root@serv01 data]# tar -xvf upload01.tar-C /
work/upload/
work/upload/aa03.txt
work/upload/aa01.txt
work/upload/aa04.txt
work/upload/aa05.txt
work/upload/aa02.txt
[root@serv01 data]# ls /work
upload
[root@serv01 data]# ls
upload01.tar
#壓縮時包含文件路徑
[root@serv01 data]# tar -cPvf upload02.tar/work/upload/
/work/upload/
/work/upload/aa03.txt
/work/upload/aa01.txt
/work/upload/aa04.txt
/work/upload/aa05.txt
/work/upload/aa02.txt
#解壓時就不需要指定文件路徑了
[root@serv01 data]# tar -xPvf upload02.tar
/work/upload/
/work/upload/aa03.txt
/work/upload/aa01.txt
/work/upload/aa04.txt
/work/upload/aa05.txt
/work/upload/aa02.txt
[root@serv01 data]# ls /work/
upload
#不一定需要f參數，可以使用重定向解決
[root@serv01 data]# tar -cv upload03.tar/work/upload/
tar: upload03.tar: Cannot stat: No suchfile or directory
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
/work/upload/
/work/upload/aa03.txt
/work/upload/aa01.txt
/work/upload/aa04.txt
/work/upload/aa05.txt
/work/upload/aa02.txt
work/upload/00007550000000000000000000000000121766767060120445ustar rootrootwork/upload/aa03.txt00006440000000000000000000000000121766767060133170ustar rootrootwork/upload/aa01.txt00006440000000000000000000000000121766767060133150ustar rootrootwork/upload/aa04.txt00006440000000000000000000000000121766767060133200ustar rootrootwork/upload/aa05.txt00006440000000000000000000000000121766767060133210ustar rootrootwork/upload/aa02.txt00006440000000000000000000000000121766767060133160ustar rootroottar: Exiting with failurestatus due to previous errors
#指定路徑，重定向到upload03.tar
[root@serv01 data]# tar -cv /work/upload/> upload03.tar
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
/work/upload/
/work/upload/aa03.txt
/work/upload/aa01.txt
/work/upload/aa04.txt
/work/upload/aa05.txt
/work/upload/aa02.txt
#刪除目錄
[root@serv01 data]# rm -rf /work/
#解壓，指定輸入源
[root@serv01 data]# tar -xv -C / <upload03.tar
work/upload/
work/upload/aa03.txt
work/upload/aa01.txt
work/upload/aa04.txt
work/upload/aa05.txt
work/upload/aa02.txt
#查看
[root@serv01 data]# ls /work/
upload
[root@serv01 data]# tar -tf upload03.tar
work/upload/
work/upload/aa03.txt
work/upload/aa01.txt
work/upload/aa04.txt
work/upload/aa05.txt
work/upload/aa02.txt
#測試路徑加的不一樣的效果
[root@serv01 data]# cd /work/
[root@serv01 work]# tar -cf upload04.tarupload/
[root@serv01 work]# tar -tf upload04.tar
upload/
upload/aa03.txt
upload/aa01.txt
upload/aa04.txt
upload/aa05.txt
upload/aa02.txt
#會解壓到根下面的upload目錄下
[root@serv01 work]# tar -xv -C / <upload04.tar
upload/
upload/aa03.txt
upload/aa01.txt
upload/aa04.txt
upload/aa05.txt
upload/aa02.txt
[root@serv01 work]# ls /upload/
aa01.txt aa02.txt aa03.txt aa04.txt aa05.txt
#創建aa06.txt文件
[root@serv01 upload]# touch aa06.txt
[root@serv01 upload]# cd /data
[root@serv01 data]# tar -tf upload02.tar
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
/work/upload/
/work/upload/aa03.txt
/work/upload/aa01.txt
/work/upload/aa04.txt
/work/upload/aa05.txt
/work/upload/aa02.txt
#增加aa06.txt到upload02.tar中
[root@serv01 data]# tar -Pvf upload02.tar-r /work/upload/aa06.txt
/work/upload/aa06.txt
[root@serv01 data]# tar -tf upload02.tar
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
/work/upload/
/work/upload/aa03.txt
/work/upload/aa01.txt
/work/upload/aa04.txt
/work/upload/aa05.txt
/work/upload/aa02.txt
/work/upload/aa06.txt
#演示文件修改後，更新壓縮包
#編輯文件
[root@serv01 data]# vim/work/upload/aa01.txt
#更新
[root@serv01 data]# tar -uPvf upload02.tar/work/upload/
/work/upload/aa01.txt
[root@serv01 data]# tar -tf upload02.tar
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
/work/upload/
/work/upload/aa03.txt
/work/upload/aa01.txt
/work/upload/aa04.txt
/work/upload/aa05.txt
/work/upload/aa02.txt
/work/upload/aa06.txt
/work/upload/aa01.txt
#刪除文件，然後恢復
[root@serv01 data]# rm -rf /work/
[root@serv01 data]# ls /work/*
ls: cannot access /work/*: No such file or directory
[root@serv01 data]# tar -xPvf upload02.tar
/work/upload/
/work/upload/aa03.txt
/work/upload/aa01.txt
/work/upload/aa04.txt
/work/upload/aa05.txt
/work/upload/aa02.txt
/work/upload/aa06.txt
/work/upload/aa01.txt
#查看剛才更新的文件，發現沒任何問題
[root@serv01 data]# cat/work/upload/aa01.txt
this is aa01.txt
#找到etc下面以conf結尾的文件，然後打包
[root@serv01 data]# find /etc/ -name"*.conf" | xargs tar -Pcvf test01.tar
#找到etc下面以conf結尾的文件，但不包含yum.conf，然後打包
[root@serv01 data]# find /etc/ -name"*.conf" ! -name "yum.conf" | xargs tar -Pcvf test02.tar
[root@serv01 data]# find /etc/ -name"*.conf" ! -name yum.conf | xargs tar -Pcvf test02.tar
#指定文件，然後備份
#將配置文件寫到file1
[root@serv01 data]# find /etc -name"*.conf" > file1
#查看文件，可以看到所有的配置文件列表都已經存在了（注意是文件路徑）
[root@serv01 data]# vim file1
#創建conf01.tar，然後T指定文件
[root@serv01 data]# tar -cPvf conf01.tar -Tfile1
[root@serv01 data]# tar -tf conf01.tar
[root@serv01 data]# ls -h conf01.tar -l
-rw-r--r—. 1 root root 250K Aug 2 18:18 conf01.tar
二 tar命令實現——全備和增量備份
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[root@serv01 data]# ls /work/upload/
aa01.txt aa02.txt aa03.txt aa04.txt aa05.txt aa06.txt
[root@serv01 data]# rm -rf upload01.tar
#這是全備，無法實現增量備份功能
[root@serv01 data]# tar -cPvf upload01.tar/work/upload/
#g指定標志文件
[root@serv01 data]# tar -g flag -cPvfupload01.tar /work/upload/
tar: /work/upload: Directory is new
/work/upload/
/work/upload/aa01.txt
/work/upload/aa02.txt
/work/upload/aa03.txt
/work/upload/aa04.txt
/work/upload/aa05.txt
/work/upload/aa06.txt
[root@serv01 data]# vim flag
#新建文件
[root@serv01 data]# touch /work/upload/aa07.txt
#更改文件
[root@serv01 data]# vim/work/upload/aa02.txt
[root@serv01 data]# tar -g flag -cPvfupload02.tar /work/upload/
/work/upload/
/work/upload/aa02.txt
/work/upload/aa07.txt
[root@serv01 data]# tar -tPf upload02.tar
/work/upload/
/work/upload/aa02.txt
/work/upload/aa07.txt
[root@serv01 data]# touch/work/upload/aa08.txt
[root@serv01 data]# rm -rf/work/upload/aa01.txt
[root@serv01 data]# ls /work/upload/
aa02.txt aa03.txt aa04.txt aa05.txt aa06.txt aa07.txt aa08.txt
[root@serv01 data]# tar -g flag -cPvfupload03.tar /work/upload/
/work/upload/
/work/upload/aa08.txt
#恢復全備，逐次恢復
#數據丟失
[root@serv01 data]# rm -rf /work/*
[root@serv01 data]# ls /work/
#先恢復全備
[root@serv01 data]# tar -g flag -xPvfupload01.tar
/work/upload/
/work/upload/aa01.txt
/work/upload/aa02.txt
/work/upload/aa03.txt
/work/upload/aa04.txt
/work/upload/aa05.txt
/work/upload/aa06.txt
#可以看到數據回來了
[root@serv01 data]# ls /work/upload/
aa01.txt aa02.txt aa03.txt aa04.txt aa05.txt aa06.txt
#查看aa02.txt文件，發現內容沒有
[root@serv01 data]# cat/work/upload/aa02.txt
#恢復文件，從增量備份upload02.tar文件中來
[root@serv01 data]# tar -g flag -xPvfupload02.tar
/work/upload/
/work/upload/aa02.txt
/work/upload/aa07.txt
#查看aa02.txt文件，內容回來了
[root@serv01 data]# cat/work/upload/aa02.txt
hello world
#恢復文件，從增量備份upload03.tar文件中來
[root@serv01 data]# tar -g flag -xPvfupload03.tar
/work/upload/
tar: Deleting `/work/upload/aa01.txt'
/work/upload/aa08.txt
[root@serv01 data]# ls /work/upload/
aa02.txt aa03.txt aa04.txt aa05.txt aa06.txt aa07.txt aa08.txt
