經常出現客戶端打電話抱怨說:你們的程序慢如蝸牛。你開始檢查可能的疑點:文件IO,數據庫訪問速度,甚至查看web服務。 但是這些可能的疑點都很正常,一點問題都沒有。
你使用最順手的性能分析工具分析,發現瓶頸在於一個小函數,這個函數的作用是將一個長的字符串鏈表寫到一文件中。
你對這個函數做了如下優化:將所有的小字符串連接成一個長的字符串,執行一次文件寫入操作,避免成千上萬次的小字符串寫文件操作。
這個優化只做對了一半。
你先測試大字符串寫文件的速度,發現快如閃電。然後你再測試所有字符串拼接的速度。
好幾年。
怎麼回事?你會怎麼克服這個問題呢?
你或許知道.net程序員可以使用StringBuilder來解決此問題。這也是本文的起點。
如果google一下“C++ StringBuilder”,你會得到不少答案。有些會建議(你)使用std::accumulate,這可以完成幾乎所有你要實現的:
#include <iostream>// for std::cout, std::endl
#include <string> // for std::string
#include <vector> // for std::vector
#include <numeric> // for std::accumulate
int main()
{
using namespace std;
vector<string> vec = { "hello", " ", "world" };
string s = accumulate(vec.begin(), vec.end(), s);
cout << s << endl; // prints 'hello world' to standard output.
return 0;
}
目前為止一切都好:當你有超過幾個字符串連接時,問題就出現了,並且內存再分配也開始積累。
std::string在函數reserver()中為解決方案提供基礎。這也正是我們的意圖所在:一次分配,隨意連接。
字符串連接可能會因為繁重、遲鈍的工具而嚴重影響性能。由於上次存在的隱患,這個特殊的怪胎給我制造麻煩,我便放棄了Indigo(我想嘗試一些C++11裡的令人耳目一新的特性),並寫了一個StringBuilder類的部分實現:
// Subset of http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.text.stringbuilder.aspx
template <typename chr>
class StringBuilder {
typedef std::basic_string<chr> string_t;
typedef std::list<string_t> container_t; // Reasons not to use vector below.
typedef typename string_t::size_type size_type; // Reuse the size type in the string.
container_t m_Data;
size_type m_totalSize;
void append(const string_t &src) {
m_Data.push_back(src);
m_totalSize += src.size();
}
// No copy constructor, no assignement.
StringBuilder(const StringBuilder &);
StringBuilder & operator = (const StringBuilder &);
public:
StringBuilder(const string_t &src) {
if (!src.empty()) {
m_Data.push_back(src);
}
m_totalSize = src.size();
}
StringBuilder() {
m_totalSize = 0;
}
// TODO: Constructor that takes an array of strings.
StringBuilder & Append(const string_t &src) {
append(src);
return *this; // allow chaining.
}
// This one lets you add any STL container to the string builder.
template<class inputIterator>
StringBuilder & Add(const inputIterator &first, const inputIterator &afterLast) {
// std::for_each and a lambda look like overkill here.
// <b>Not</b> using std::copy, since we want to update m_totalSize too.
for (inputIterator f = first; f != afterLast; ++f) {
append(*f);
}
return *this; // allow chaining.
}
StringBuilder & AppendLine(const string_t &src) {
static chr lineFeed[] { 10, 0 }; // C++ 11. Feel the love!
m_Data.push_back(src + lineFeed);
m_totalSize += 1 + src.size();
return *this; // allow chaining.
}
StringBuilder & AppendLine() {
static chr lineFeed[] { 10, 0 };
m_Data.push_back(lineFeed);
++m_totalSize;
return *this; // allow chaining.
}
// TODO: AppendFormat implementation. Not relevant for the article.
// Like C# StringBuilder.ToString()
// Note the use of reserve() to avoid reallocations.
string_t ToString() const {
string_t result;
// The whole point of the exercise!
// If the container has a lot of strings, reallocation (each time the result grows) will take a serious toll,
// both in performance and chances of failure.
// I measured (in code I cannot publish) fractions of a second using 'reserve', and almost two minutes using +=.
result.reserve(m_totalSize + 1);
// result = std::accumulate(m_Data.begin(), m_Data.end(), result); // This would lose the advantage of 'reserve'
for (auto iter = m_Data.begin(); iter != m_Data.end(); ++iter) {
result += *iter;
}
return result;
}
// like javascript Array.join()
string_t Join(const string_t &delim) const {
if (delim.empty()) {
return ToString();
}
string_t result;
if (m_Data.empty()) {
return result;
}
// Hope we don't overflow the size type.
size_type st = (delim.size() * (m_Data.size() - 1)) + m_totalSize + 1;
result.reserve(st);
// If you need reasons to love C++11, here is one.
struct adder {
string_t m_Joiner;
adder(const string_t &s): m_Joiner(s) {
// This constructor is NOT empty.
}
// This functor runs under accumulate() without reallocations, if 'l' has reserved enough memory.
string_t operator()(string_t &l, const string_t &r) {
l += m_Joiner;
l += r;
return l;
}
} adr(delim);
auto iter = m_Data.begin();
// Skip the delimiter before the first element in the container.
result += *iter;
return std::accumulate(++iter, m_Data.end(), result, adr);
}
}; // class StringBuilder