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OpenBSD 入門

OpenBSD  OpenBSD, NetBSD, FreeBSD是同門三兄弟!OpenBSD以安全著稱, 支持的平台很多!現在主要有三個分支:stable, release, current. 每六個月出一個release! 主要版本號是:3.1stable, 3.3release, 3.4 current. 3.4release 11月1日發行!

stable是非常穩定的版本, release是發行版, 還有一些錯誤, 慢慢會發展成stable版, current是新功能版, 屬最新技術的版本! 一般主要使用的是release, stable, current不支持使用, 它的錯誤較多, 一般用戶使用不方便!具體信息可查看OpenBSD主站上的介紹!
主要安裝方式:CD-ROM, FTP, LocalFilesystem等!

安裝前的准備

一、 下載所需要的文件:floppy33.fs, 這可從一般的OpenBSD FTP站點上下載!

國內的OpenBSD很少, 我一個都沒找到! 在安裝時從國外的站點上下載文件很慢, 我上次晚上安裝時到了那裡就不管理它了, 到第二天早上才去繼續安裝!
下面說說啟動盤的鏡像文件:floppy33.fs, floppyB33.fs, floppyC33.fs
floppy33.fs 桌面PC版本, 它支持一般的PCI, ISA NICs, IDE, SCSI接口, 還有一些PCMCIA接口。
floppyB33.fs 服務器版本, 支持很多的RAID, 和一些SCSI。但一些基本的SCSI, ISA NICs, EISA都刪除了!
floppyC33.fs 筆記本電腦版本, 支持Cardbus, PCMCIA. 我想, 一般都是桌面PC, 我自己的就是, 下載floppy33.fs.
下面是安裝所需要的一些基本文件, 我把它下載下來放到內部網的FTP上了, 這樣安裝起來快一些:
bsd, bsd.rd, base33.tgz, etc33.tgz, comp33.tgz, man33.tgz, misc33.tgz, game33.tgz, xbase33.tgz,xfont33.tgz, xserv33.tgz, xshare33.tgz. 我還下載了ports.tar.gz, src.tar.gz, sys.tar.gz, 系統安裝後這些ports tree, 內核源碼都沒安裝, 要自己手動安裝的。

二、制作啟動盤

現在我們已下載了軟盤鏡像, 開始制作啟動盤
1. Unix 下:
我是在slackware上制作的, 我在windows 下用rawrite2.exe沒作成功!
# fdformat /dev/fd0
# dd if=floppy33.fs of=/dev/fd0 bs=32k 2. windows下(請參考OpenBSD主站上的安裝指南)
主要工具都放在FTP站點上的TOOLS目錄裡, 主要有: rawrite, fdimage, ntrw, rawrite不能在windows NT, windows 2000 or XP下使用!
相關操作可自己找資料, 都很簡單, 在DOS下操作!

現在我們要收集自己計算機上的信息:什麼平台, 硬盤上的資料要不要備份?, 網卡信息(IP,subnet masks, gateway, DNS) 一些isa卡可以安裝時以dmesg查看!

已下載了安裝所需要的文件!現在我們進行的是FTP安裝, 我將下載的文件放在FTP上, 目錄是openbsd/OpenBSD下!這樣安裝快很多!

安裝過程

用軟盤啟動系統!我們會看到藍色背景的字!這裡是OpenBSD的開機信息!然後我們會看到下面的這個:
erase ^?, werase ^W, kill ^U, intr ^C, status ^T
(I)nstall, (U)pgrade or (S)hell? I

選擇I, 安裝新系統, 如果是從原來的系統上升級則選擇U, 或者你可以選擇S, 在SHELL下操作, 其實當你在安裝過程序中自己有某些設置錯誤Ctrl + c中止後, 也是回到這個SHEEL下操作的!在SHEEL下執行install就是安裝系統。

Welcome to the OpenBSD/i386 3.3 install program.

This program will help you install OpenBSD in a simple and rational way. At
any prompt except password prompts you can run a shell command by typing
'!foo', or escape to a shell by typing '!'. Default answers are shown in []'s
and are selected by pressing RETURN. At any time you can exit this program by
pressing Control-C and then RETURN, but quitting during an install can leave
your system in an inconsistent state.

Specify terminal type: [vt220] Enter
Do you wish to select a keyboard encoding table? [n] y

選擇鍵盤類型, 一些都是US。
IS YOUR DATA BACKED UP? As with anything that modifies disk contents, this
program can cause SIGNIFICANT data loss.

It is often helpful to have the installation notes handy. For complex disk
configurations, relevant disk hardware manuals and a calculator are useful.

Proceed with install? [n] y

下面我們繼續安裝:
Cool! Let's get to it...

You will now initialize the disk(s) that OpenBSD will use. To enable all
available security features you should configure the disk(s) to allow the
creation of separate filesystems for /, /tmp, /var, /usr, and /home.

選擇從哪個硬盤上安裝, 我的系統只掛了一個小硬盤, 所以只一個!

Available disks are: wd0.
Which one is the root disk? (or done) [wd0] Enter

是否整個硬盤都安裝OpenBSD, 是.
Do you want to use *all* of wd0 for OpenBSD? [no] yes

Treating sectors 63-6303024 as the OpenBSD portion of the disk.
You can use the 'b' command to change this.

Initial label editor (enter '?' for help at any prompt)
> ?

現在我們來進行硬盤分區, 這裡打入?尋求幫助!
Available commands:
p [unit] - print label.
M - show entire OpenBSD man page for disklabel.
e - edit drive parameters.
a [part] - add new partition.
b - set OpenBSD disk boundaries.
c [part] - change partition size.
d [part] - delete partition.
D - set label to default.
g [d|b] - Use [d]isk or [b]ios geometry.
m [part] - modify existing partition.
n [part] - set the mount point for a partition.
r - recalculate free space.
u - undo last change.
s [path] - save label to file.
w - write label to disk.
q - quit and save changes.
x - exit without saving changes.
X - toggle expert mode.
z - zero out partition table.
? [cmnd] - this message or command specific help.
Numeric parameters may use suffixes to indicate units:
'b' for bytes, 'c' for cylinders, 'k' for kilobytes, 'm' for megabytes,
'g' for gigabytes or no suffix for sectors (usually 512 bytes).
Non-sector units will be rounded to the nearest cylinder.
Entering '?' at most prompts will give you (simple) context sensitive help.
>我分了五個區, a 根分區 200M, b 交換分區 300M , d 100M /tmp, e 100M /var , f 最後的全給 /usr,
使用 d刪除分區,a 創建分區,p 查看分區情況,q 退出!
d a 刪除a分區
a a 創建a分區
p g 查看分區, 大小以G顯示
p m 查看分區, 大小以M顯示

下面我們掛載分區:

The root filesystem will be mounted on wd0a.
wd0b will be used for swap space.
Mount point for wd0d (size=122976k), none or done? [/tmp] Enter
Mount point for wd0e (size=82152k), none or done? [/var] Enter
Mount point for wd0g (size=2097144k), none or done? [/usr] Enter
Mount point for wd0h (size=4194288k), none or done? [/home] Enter
Mount point for wd0d (size=122976k), none or done? [/tmp] done
Done - no available disks found.

You have configured the following partitions and mount points:

wd0a /
wd0d /tmp
wd0e /var
wd0g /usr
wd0h /home

格式化分區:
The next step creates a filesystem on each partition, ERASING existing data.
Are you really sure that you're ready to proceed? [n] y
/dev/rwd0a: 307440 sectors in 305 cylinders of 16 tracks, 63 sectors
200MB in 20 cyl groups (16 c/g, 7.88MB/g, 1920 i/g)
/dev/rwd0b: 245952 sectors in 244 cylinders of 16 tracks, 63 sectors
300MB in 16 cyl groups (16 c/g, 7.88MB/g, 1920 i/g)
/dev/rwd0d: 164304 sectors in 163 cylinders of 16 tracks, 63 sectors
100MB in 11 cyl groups (16 c/g, 7.88MB/g, 1920 i/g)
/dev/rwd0e: 4194288 sectors in 4161 cylinders of 16 tracks, 63 sectors
100MB in 261 cyl groups (16 c/g, 7.88MB/g, 1920 i/g)
/dev/rwd0f: 8388576 sectors in 8322 cylinders of 16 tracks, 63 sectors
2300MB in 521 cyl groups (16 c/g, 7.88MB/g, 1920 i/g)
/dev/wd0a on /mnt type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local, ctime=Thu Oct 10 21:
50:36 2 002)
/dev/wd0h on /mnt/home type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local, nodev, nosuid,
ctime=Thu Oct 10 21:50:36 2002)
/dev/wd0d on /mnt/tmp type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local, nodev, nosuid,
ctime=Thu Oct 10 21:50:36 2002)
/dev/wd0g on /mnt/usr type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local, nodev, ctime=Th
u Oct 10 21:50:36 2002)
/dev/wd0e on /mnt/var type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local, nodev, nosuid,
ctime=Th u Oct 10 21:50:36 2002)配置主機名 Enter system hostname (short form, e.g. 'foo'): OpenBSD配置網絡: Configure the network? [y] Enter
Available interfaces are: ne3.
Which one do you wish to initialize? (or 'done') [ne3] Enter
Symbolic (host) name for fxp0? [puffy] Enter
The default media for fxp0 is
media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX full-duplex)
Do you want to change the default media? [n] Enter
IP address for fxp0? (or 'dhcp') 202.116.92.235
Netmask? [255.255.255.0] 255.255.254.0
Done - no available interfaces found.
DNS domain name? (e.g. 'bar.com') [my.domain] OpenBSD.localhost
DNS nameserver? (IP address or 'none') [none] 202.116.64.1
Use the nameserver now? [y] Enter
Default route? (IP address, 'dhcp' or 'none') 202.116.92.1
add net default: gateway 202.116.92.1
Edit hosts with ed? [n] Enter
Do you want to do any manual network configuration? [n] Enter設置root密碼, 不會顯示出來的! Password for root account? (will not echo)
Password for root account? (again) 現在我們選擇安裝方式, 我是FTP安裝!硬盤安裝就設置相應的東西就行了! You will now specify the location and names of the install sets you want to
load. You will be able to repeat this step until all of your sets have been
successfully loaded. If you are not sure what sets to install, refer to the
installation notes for details on the contents of each.

Sets can be located on a (m)ounted filesystem; a (c)drom, (d)isk or (t)ape
device; or a (f)tp, (n)fs or (h)ttp server.
Where are the install sets? f

下面我們設置FTP服務器的地址! 是否要設置代理? FTP, HTTP安裝都一樣, 如果需要設置一下! HTTP/FTP proxy URL? ( e.g. ‘http://proxy.8080’, or ‘none’ ) [ none ] Entry 查看FTP列表: Do you want to see a list of potential ftp servers? [ y ] n設置FTP的地址 Server IP address, or hostname ? 我的FTP地址
Does the server support passive mode ftp? [ y ] 設置放置安裝文件的目錄, 根據自己的設置寫目錄 Server directory? [ pub/OpenBSD/3.3/i386 ] openbsd/OpenBSD是否匿名登陸, 不是, 則輸入用戶名, 密碼! Login? [ anonymous ] usernme
Password? [ will no echo ] password下面是選擇要安裝的軟件包:我試過, 如果你的FTP上有幾個包它會顯示幾個包, 但有幾個包是一定要的:bsd, base33.tgz, etc33.tgz, comp33.tgz, man33.tgz. 打入all將選擇全部安裝: The following sets are available. Enter a filename, 'all' to select
all the sets, or 'done'. You may de-select a set by prepending a '-'
to its name.

[X] bsd
[ ] bsd.rd
[X] base33.tgz
[X] etc33.tgz
[X] misc33.tgz
[X] comp33.tgz
[X] man33.tgz
[X] game33.tgz
[ ] xbase33.tgz
[ ] xshare33.tgz
[ ] xfont33.tgz
[ ] xserv33.tgz

File Name? (or 'done') [bsd.rd] all

The following sets are available. Enter a filename, 'all' to select
all the sets, or 'done'. You may de-select a set by prepending a '-'
to its name.

[X] bsd
[X] bsd.rd
[X] base33.tgz
[X] etc33.tgz
[X] misc33.tgz
[X] comp33.tgz
[X] man33.tgz
[X] game33.tgz
[X] xbase33.tgz
[X] xshare33.tgz
[X] xfont33.tgz
[X] xserv33.tgz
File Name? (or 'done') [done] doen

選擇好包後, 開始下載安裝: Ready to install sets? [y] Enter

Getting bsd ...
100% |**************************************************| 4472 KB 00:03
Getting bsd.rd ...
100% |**************************************************| 4190 KB 00:02
Getting base33.tgz ...
100% |**************************************************| 30255 KB 00:21
Getting etc33.tgz ...
100% |**************************************************| 1469 KB 00:01
Getting misc33.tgz ...
100% |**************************************************| 1828 KB 00:01
Getting comp33.tgz ...
100% |**************************************************| 16207 KB 00:13
Getting man33.tgz ...
100% |**************************************************| 5921 KB 00:04
Getting game33.tgz ...
100% |**************************************************| 2545 KB 00:01
Getting xbase33.tgz ...
100% |**************************************************| 9073 KB 00:06
Getting xshare33.tgz ...
100% |**************************************************| 1574 KB 00:02
Getting xfont33.tgz ...
100% |**************************************************| 30666 KB 00:21
Getting xserv33.tgz ...
100% |**************************************************| 14948 KB 00:11

Sets can be located on a (m)ounted filesystem; a (c)drom, (d)isk or (t)ape
device; or a (f)tp, (n)fs or (h)ttp server.
Where are the install sets? (or 'done')done

現在基本包安裝完成!設置一下時區, 還有你以後要不要運行X:

Extract more sets? [n] Enter
Do you expect to run the X Window System? [y] y
Saving configuration files......done.
Generating initial host.random file ......done.
What timezone are you in? ('?' for list) [US/Pacific] ? 尋求幫助!
Africa/ Chile/ GB-Eire Israel NZ-CHAT Turkey
America/ Cuba GMT Jamaica Navajo UCT
Antarctica/ EET GMT+0 Japan PRC US/
Arctic/ EST GMT-0 Kwajalein PST8PDT UTC
Asia/ EST5EDT GMT0 Libya Pacific/ Universal
Atlantic/ Egypt Greenwich MET Poland W-SU
Australia/ Eire HST MST Portugal WET
Brazil/ Etc/ Hongkong MST7MDT ROC Zulu
CET Europe/ Iceland Mexico/ ROK posix/
CST6CDT Factory Indian/ Mideast/ Singapore posixrules
Canada/ GB Iran NZ SystemV/ right/
What timezone are you in? ('?' for list) [US/Pacific] Asia

然後輸入:Shanghai,

Making all device nodes...done.
Installing boot block...
boot: /mnt/boot
proto: /usr/mdec/biosboot
device: /dev/rwd0c
/usr/mdec/biosboot: entry point 0
proto bootblock size 512
room for 12 filesystem blocks at 0x16f
Will load 7 blocks of size 8192 each.
Using disk geometry of 63 sectors and 240 heads.
0: 9 @(203 150 55) (3078864-3078872)
1: 63 @(203 151 1) (3078873-3078935)
2: 24 @(203 152 1) (3078936-3078959)
3: 16 @(203 8 47) (3069910-3069925)
/mnt/boot: 4 entries total
using MBR partition 1: type 166 (0xa6) offset 3069360 (0x2ed5b0)
...done.

CONGRATULATIONS! Your OpenBSD install has been successfully completed!
To boot the new system, enter halt at the command prompt. Once the
system has halted, reset the machine and boot from the disk.
# reboot

現在重啟, 系統已安裝完成!

安裝後配置

我們安裝了基本的系統,但只有最基本的東西, 像內核源代碼, ports tree都沒安裝!

在安裝時我們安裝了X, 現在我們配置X-windows, 運行xf86cfg設置!OpenBSD的默認桌面是fvwm。

現在我們給系統添加新用戶adduser, 在第一次使用時會有一些基本的設置, 如密碼使用什麼加密, 有好幾種, 我選擇了最常用的md5。

首先, 我們開始安裝內核源代碼, 為以後編譯內核作准備!
如果你有CD,則只需要從CD中取出src.tar.gz,cd /usr/src 然後tar xvzf src.tar.gz, 上篇, 我們是從FTP安裝的, 因此, 我們要下載兩個包:src.tar.gz, sys.tar.gz.
ftp://ftp.ca.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBS...i386/src.tar.gz
ftp://ftp.ca.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBS...i386/sys.tar.gz安裝ports tree, 下載ports.tar.gz, 然後copy /usr/ , tar xzvf ports.tar.gz .
ftp://ftp.ca.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBS...86/ports.tar.gz安裝cvsup,
下載cvsup-16.1f.tar.gz, 如果沒安裝X則下載 cvsup-16.1f-no_X.tar.gz
#ftp://ftp.ca.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBS...p-16.1f..tar.gz
#pkg_add cvsup-16.1f.tar.gz 編輯cvsup-supfile, OpenBSD裡的編輯器是mg, 類似於emacs。
#Defaults that apply to all the collections
*default release=cvs
*default delete use-rel-suffix
*default umask=002
*default host=cvsup.uk.openbsd.org
*default base=/cvsup
*default prefix=/cvsup

#If your network link is T1 or faster, comment out the following line.
*default compress


OpenBSD-all
#OpenBSD-src
#OpenBSD-www
#OpenBSD-ports
#OpenBSD-x11
#OpenBSD-xf4保存, # mg cvsup-supfile
# cd /
# mkdir cvsup
# cd
# cvusp –g –L 2 cvsup-supfile 就可升級ports tree等了!
安裝軟件同FreeBSD下一樣, 以後再說說編譯內核吧!

主要cvsup站點:
cvsup.uk.openbsd.org]
cvsup.de.openbsd.org
cvsup2.de.openbsd.org
cvsup.hu.openbsd.org
cvsup.fr.openbsd.org
cvsup.ca.openbsd.org
cvsup.usa.openbsd.org
cvsup.kr.openbsd.org
cvsup.no.openbsd.org
cvsup.pt.openbsd.org
anoncvs.de.openbsd.org
rt.fm
skeleton.phys.spbu.ru
cvsup.jp.OpenBSD.org
mirror.osn.de
openbsd.informatik.uni-erlangen.de OpenBSD-src - The src repository
OpenBSD-ports - The ports repository
OpenBSD-www - The www repository
OpenBSD-x11 - The XFree86-3 repository
OpenBSD-xf4 - The XFree86-4 repository
OpenBSD-all - All OpenBSD repositories
網絡配置

因為與FreeBSD等配置有點出入, 所以我在這裡指出來!
我自己是使用局域網, 所以只介紹這個方面的, 如果有人使用的是PPP方式, 可自行查看官方站點上的FAQ。
可能很多使用OpenBSD的人是從FreeBSD下轉過來的, 但OpenBSD的網絡設置與FreeBSD有所不同, 它的網絡配置沒有寫進rc.conf, 而是作為單獨的文件存放的。
網卡IP存放在/etc/hostname.網卡型號名, 網關存放在/etc/mygate
主機名存放在/etc/myname, 名字服務器地址沒變, 存放在/etc/resolv.conf
我們使用ifconfig –a 查看網卡型號:(這個是我已配置好的)
lo0: flags=8049<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 33224
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000
lo1: flags=8008<LOOPBACK,MULTICAST> mtu 33224
ne0: flags=8863<UP,BROADCAST,NOTRAILERS,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
address: 00:e0:4c:e0:45:0c
media: Ethernet autoselect (10baseT)
inet ***.***.***.*** netmask 0xfffffe00 broadcast ***.***.***.***
pflog0: flags=0<> mtu 33224
pfsync0: flags=0<> mtu 2020我的網卡是ne0, 但不知怎麼的, 系統安裝好後, 在/etc/中建立的文件卻是hostname.ne3, 我只好自己手動改成 hostname.ne0,
關於這個hostname.*文件的格式:
inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 NONEinet 指定ip地址, netmask指定網絡掩碼。
當然你也可以指定詳細的網卡說明: inet 10.0.0.38 255.255.255.0 NONE media 100baseTX mediaopt full-duplex現在指定網關, 修改/etc/mygate, 寫入網關IP就行了。
主機名, 寫入/etc/myname.
/etc/resolv.conf, 與別的系統一樣的, 這個就不用說了!

到這裡我們的OpenBSD系統已安裝完成, 以後的操作我會再寫出來,還過幾天3.4release就要出來了, 到時我升級到3.4再寫出來。

有問題可到linuxeden.com的FreeBSD版,我會與你一起討論。我常混在www.linuxsir.com ( bsd 版), www.chinaunix.net (bsd版), www.freebsdchina.org, www.linuxfans.org, www.cnfug.org 等。

注:本文參考了OpnBSD.org的在線文檔, 各位如有不明白的地方可到Openbsd.org主站上觀看它的FAQ。

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