在Debian/Ubuntu系統上，你可以使用debsums工具來校驗已安裝軟件包的MD5和。如果你想在安裝之前知道關於debsums軟件包的信息，可以使用APT-CACHE，就像這樣：

apt-cache search debsums

下一步，使用apt命令來安裝它，如下所示：

sudo apt install debsums

現在可以了解如何使用debsums工具，來校驗已安裝軟件包的MD5和了。

說明：我在下面的所有命令中使用了sudo，因為普通用戶可能沒有某些文件的讀取權限。

此外，來自debsums命令的輸出在左邊顯示了文件位置，在右邊顯示了檢驗結果。你會得到三種可能的結果，它們包括：

• ·OKDD表明某個文件的MD5和是好的。
• ·FAILEDDD表明某個文件的MD5和不匹配。
• · REPLACEDDD意味著某個特定文件已被來自另一個軟件包的文件所更換。

如果你不用任何選項來運行，debsums會對照常規的md5sum文件來校驗系統上的每個文件，掃描文件系統、尋找MD5和

1. /usr/bin/a11y-profile-manager-indicatorOK
2. /usr/share/doc/a11y-profile-manager-indicator/copyrightOK
3. /usr/share/man/man1/a11y-profile-manager-indicator.1.gzOK
4. /usr/share/accounts/providers/facebook.providerOK
5. /usr/share/accounts/qml-plugins/facebook/Main.qmlOK
6. /usr/share/accounts/services/facebook-microblog.serviceOK
7. /usr/share/accounts/services/facebook-sharing.serviceOK
8. /usr/share/doc/account-plugin-facebook/copyrightOK
9. /usr/share/accounts/providers/flickr.providerOK
10. /usr/share/accounts/qml-plugins/flickr/Main.qmlOK
11. /usr/share/accounts/services/flickr-microblog.serviceOK
12. /usr/share/accounts/services/flickr-sharing.serviceOK
13. /usr/share/doc/account-plugin-flickr/copyrightOK
14. /usr/share/accounts/providers/google.providerOK
15. /usr/share/accounts/qml-plugins/google/Main.qmlOK
16. /usr/share/accounts/services/google-drive.serviceOK
17. /usr/share/accounts/services/google-im.serviceOK
18. /usr/share/accounts/services/picasa.serviceOK
19. /usr/share/doc/account-plugin-google/copyrightOK
20. /lib/systemd/system/accounts-daemon.serviceOK
21. /usr/lib/accountsservice/accounts-daemonOK
22. /usr/share/dbus-1/interfaces/org.freedesktop.Accounts.User.xmlOK
23. /usr/share/dbus-1/interfaces/org.freedesktop.Accounts.xmlOK
24. /usr/share/dbus-1/system-services/org.freedesktop.Accounts.serviceOK
25. /usr/share/doc/accountsservice/READMEOK
26. /usr/share/doc/accountsservice/TODOOK
27. ....

為了能夠校驗每個軟件包的每個文件和配置文件，查找任何變化，請加入-a或--all選項：

sudo debsums --all

校驗所有配置文件的MD5和：

1. /usr/bin/a11y-profile-manager-indicatorOK
2. /usr/share/doc/a11y-profile-manager-indicator/copyrightOK
3. /usr/share/man/man1/a11y-profile-manager-indicator.1.gzOK
4. /etc/xdg/autostart/a11y-profile-manager-indicator-autostart.desktopOK
5. /usr/share/accounts/providers/facebook.providerOK
6. /usr/share/accounts/qml-plugins/facebook/Main.qmlOK
7. /usr/share/accounts/services/facebook-microblog.serviceOK
8. /usr/share/accounts/services/facebook-sharing.serviceOK
9. /usr/share/doc/account-plugin-facebook/copyrightOK
10. /etc/signon-ui/webkit-options.d/www.facebook.com.confOK
11. /usr/share/accounts/providers/flickr.providerOK
12. /usr/share/accounts/qml-plugins/flickr/Main.qmlOK
13. /usr/share/accounts/services/flickr-microblog.serviceOK
14. /usr/share/accounts/services/flickr-sharing.serviceOK
15. /usr/share/doc/account-plugin-flickr/copyrightOK
16. /etc/signon-ui/webkit-options.d/login.yahoo.com.confOK
17. /usr/share/accounts/providers/google.providerOK
18. /usr/share/accounts/qml-plugins/google/Main.qmlOK
19. /usr/share/accounts/services/google-drive.serviceOK
20. /usr/share/accounts/services/google-im.serviceOK
21. /usr/share/accounts/services/picasa.serviceOK
22. /usr/share/doc/account-plugin-google/copyrightOK
23. ...

還有可能只校驗配置文件，不包括軟件包的其他所有文件，為此只要使用-e或--config選項：

sudo debsums --config

只校驗配置文件的MD5和：

1. /etc/xdg/autostart/a11y-profile-manager-indicator-autostart.desktopOK
2. /etc/signon-ui/webkit-options.d/www.facebook.com.confOK
3. /etc/signon-ui/webkit-options.d/login.yahoo.com.confOK
4. /etc/signon-ui/webkit-options.d/accounts.google.com.confOK
5. /etc/dbus-1/system.d/org.freedesktop.Accounts.confOK
6. /etc/acpi/asus-keyboard-backlight.shOK
7. /etc/acpi/events/asus-keyboard-backlight-downOK
8. /etc/acpi/ibm-wireless.shOK
9. /etc/acpi/events/tosh-wirelessOK
10. /etc/acpi/asus-wireless.shOK
11. /etc/acpi/events/lenovo-undockOK
12. /etc/default/acpi-supportOK
13. /etc/acpi/events/ibm-wirelessOK
14. /etc/acpi/events/asus-wireless-onOK
15. /etc/acpi/events/asus-wireless-offOK
16. /etc/acpi/tosh-wireless.shOK
17. /etc/acpi/events/asus-keyboard-backlight-upOK
18. /etc/acpi/events/thinkpad-cmosOK
19. /etc/acpi/undock.shOK
20. /etc/acpi/events/powerbtnOK
21. /etc/acpi/powerbtn.shOK
22. /etc/init.d/acpidOK
23. /etc/init/acpid.confOK
24. /etc/default/acpidOK
25. ...

下一步，如果想在debsums的輸出中只顯示變化的文件，請使用-c或--changed選項。我在自己的系統中沒有找到任何變化的文件。

sudo debsums --changed

下一個命令輸出沒有md5sum信息的文件，這裡我們使用-l和--list-missing選項。在我的系統上，該命令沒有顯示任何文件。

sudo debsums --list-missing

現在只要指定名稱，就可以校驗單一軟件包的md5和：

sudo debsums apache2

校驗已安裝軟件包的MD5和：

1. /lib/systemd/system/apache2.service.d/apache2-systemd.confOK
2. /usr/sbin/a2enmodOK
3. /usr/sbin/a2queryOK
4. /usr/sbin/apache2ctlOK
5. /usr/share/apache2/apache2-maintscript-helperOK
6. /usr/share/apache2/ask-for-passphraseOK
7. /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/a2enmodOK
8. /usr/share/doc/apache2/NEWS.Debian.gzOK
9. /usr/share/doc/apache2/PACKAGING.gzOK
10. /usr/share/doc/apache2/README.Debian.gzOK
11. /usr/share/doc/apache2/README.backtraceOK
12. /usr/share/doc/apache2/README.multiple-instances　OK
13. /usr/share/doc/apache2/copyrightOK
14. /usr/share/doc/apache2/examples/apache2.monitOK
15. /usr/share/doc/apache2/examples/secondary-init-scriptOK
16. /usr/share/doc/apache2/examples/setup-instanceOK
17. /usr/share/lintian/overrides/apache2OK
18. /usr/share/man/man1/a2query.1.gzOK
19. /usr/share/man/man8/a2enconf.8.gzOK
20. /usr/share/man/man8/a2enmod.8.gzOK
21. /usr/share/man/man8/a2ensite.8.gzOK
22. /usr/share/man/man8/apache2ctl.8.gzOK

假設你以普通用戶的身份運行debsums，沒有sudo權限，那麼可以使用--ignore-permissions選項，把權限錯誤當成警告：

debsums --ignore-permissions

cd /var/lib/dpkg/infols *.md5sums

sudo debsums --generate=missing apache2

man debsums