UNIX(R)系統中運行的程序遵守一種稱為目標文件格式的精心設計。了解更多關於目標文件格式的內容,以及可以用來研究系統中目標文件的工具。
計算機編程的最新技術將一種特殊的人性與一組特殊的工具結合在一起,用以生產出對其他人非常有幫助的一種神奇的產品,即軟件。計算機程序員是一群注重細節的人,他們可以處理計算機中各種各樣的困難。計算機的要求非常苛刻,並且不能容忍其中存在任何的偏差。毫無疑問,無論您的個性如何以及在工作中使用了何種輔助工具,計算機程序的編寫都是非常困難的。
在UNIX®和Linux®中,任何事物都是文件。您可以認為,UNIX和Linux編程實際上是編寫處理各種文件的代碼。系統由許多類型的文件組成,但目標文件具有一種特殊的設計,提供了靈活和多樣的用途。
目標文件是包含帶有附加地址和值的助記符號的路線圖。這些符號可以用來對各種代碼段和數據段進行命名,包括經過初始化的和未初始化的。它們也可以用來定位嵌入的調試信息,就像語義Web,非常適合由程序進行閱讀。
行業工具
計算機編程中使用的工具包括代碼編輯器,如vi或Emacs,您可以使用這些工具輸入和編輯希望計算機在完成所需任務時執行的指令,以及編譯器和連接器,它們可以生成真正實現這些目標的機器代碼。
高級的工具,稱為集成調試環境(IDE),它以統一的外觀集成了不同工具的功能。IDE使得編輯器、編譯器、連接器和調試器之間的界限變得很模糊。因此,為了更深入地研究和了解系統,在使用集成的套件之前,最好先單獨地使用這些工具。(注意:IDE也通常被稱為集成開發環境。)
編譯器可以將您在代碼編輯器中創建的文本轉換為目標文件。最初,目標文件被稱為代碼的中間表示形式,因為它用作連接編輯器(即連接器)的輸入,而連接編輯器最終完成整個任務並生成可執行的程序作為輸出。
從代碼到可執行代碼的轉換過程經過了良好的定義並實現了自動化,而目標文件是這個鏈中有機的連接性環節。在這個轉換過程中,目標文件作為連接編輯器所使用的映象,使得它們能夠解析各種符號並將不同的代碼和數據段連接在一起形成統一的整體。
歷史
計算機編程領域中存在許多著名的目標文件格式。DOS系列包括COM、OBJ和EXE格式。UNIX和Linux使用a.out、COFF和ELF。Microsoft® Windows® 使用可移植的執行文件(PE)格式,而Macintosh使用PEF、Mach-O和其他文件格式。
最初,各種類型的計算機具有自己獨特的目標文件格式,但隨著UNIX和其他在不同硬件平台上提供可移植性的操作系統的出現,一些常用的文件格式上升為通用的標准。其中包括a.out、COFF和ELF格式。
要了解目標文件,需要一組可以讀取目標文件中不同部分並以更易於讀取的格式顯示這些內容的工具。本文將討論這些工具中比較重要的方面。但首先,您必須創建一個工作台,並在其中建立一個研究對象。
工作台
啟動一個xterm會話,讓我們先創建一個空白的工作台,並開始對目標文件進行研究。下面的命令創建了一個目錄,可以將目標文件放到該目錄中進行研究:
cd
mkdir src
cd src
mkdir hw
cd hw
然後,使用您最喜歡的代碼編輯器,在$HOME/src/hw 目錄中輸入清單1中的程序,並命名為hw.c。
清單 1. hw.c 程序#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("Hello World!\n");
return 0;
}
要使用UNIX工具庫中提供的各種工具,可以將這個簡單的“Hello World”程序作為研究的對象。您將學習構建和查看目標文件的輸出,而不是使用任何快捷方法直接創建可執行文件(的確有許多這樣的快捷方法)。
文件格式
C編譯器的正常輸出是用於您所指定的目標處理器的匯編代碼。匯編代碼是匯編器的輸入,在缺省情況下,匯編器將生成所有目標文件的祖先,即a.out文件。這個名稱本身表示匯編輸出 (Assembler Output)。要創建 a.out 文件,可以在 xterm 窗口中輸入下面的命令:
cc hw.c
注意:如果出現了任何錯誤或者沒有創建a.out文件,那麼您可能需要檢查自己的系統或源文件(hw.c),以找出其中的錯誤。還需要檢查是否已將cc定義為運行您的C/C++編譯器。
最新的C編譯器將編譯和匯編步驟組合成一個步驟。您可以指定不同開關選項以查看C編譯器的匯編輸出。通過輸入下面的命令,您可以看到C編譯器的匯編輸出:
cc -S hw.c
這個命令生成了一個新的文件hw.s,其中包含您通常無法看到的匯編輸入文本,因為編譯器在缺省情況下將生成a.out文件。正如所預期的,UNIX匯編程序可以對這種輸入文件進行匯編,以生成a.out文件。
UNIX特定的工具
假定編譯過程一切順利,那麼在該目錄中就有了一個a.out文件,下面讓我們來對其進行研究。有許多可用於研究目標文件的有價值的工具,下面便是其中一組:
列表中的第一個工具是nm,它可以列出目標文件中的符號。如果您輸入nm命令,您將注意到在缺省情況下,它會尋找一個名為a.out的文件。如果沒有找到該文件,這個工具會給出相應的提示。然而,如果該工具找到了編譯器創建的a.out文件,它將顯示類似清單2的清單。
清單 2. nm 命令的輸出08049594 A __bss_start
080482e4 t call_gmon_start
08049594 b completed.4463
08049498 d __CTOR_END__
08049494 d __CTOR_LIST__
08049588 D __data_start
08049588 W data_start
0804842c t __do_global_ctors_aux
0804830c t __do_global_dtors_aux
0804958c D __dso_handle
080494a0 d __DTOR_END__
0804949c d __DTOR_LIST__
080494a8 d _DYNAMIC
08049594 A _edata
08049598 A _end
08048458 T _fini
08049494 a __fini_array_end
08049494 a __fini_array_start
08048478 R _fp_hw
0804833b t frame_dummy
08048490 r __FRAME_END__
08049574 d _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_
w __gmon_start__
08048308 T __i686.get_pc_thunk.bx
08048278 T _init
08049494 a __init_array_end
08049494 a __init_array_start
0804847c R _IO_stdin_used
080494a4 d __JCR_END__
080494a4 d __JCR_LIST__
w _Jv_RegisterClasses
080483e1 T __libc_csu_fini
08048390 T __libc_csu_init
U __libc_start_main@@GLIBC_2.0
08048360 T main
08049590 d p.4462
U puts@@GLIBC_2.0
080482c0 T _start
這些包含可執行代碼的段稱為正文段。同樣地,數據段包含了不可執行的信息或數據。另一種類型的段,稱為BSS段,它包含以符號數據開頭的塊。
對於nm命令列出的每個符號,它們的值使用十六進制來表示(缺省行為),並且在該符號前面加上了一個表示符號類型的編碼字符。常見的各種編碼包括:A表示絕對(absolute),這意味著不能將該值更改為其他的連接;B表示BSS段中的符號;而C表示引用未初始化的數據的一般符號。
可以將目標文件中所包含的不同的部分劃分為段。段可以包含可執行代碼、符號名稱、初始數據值和許多其他類型的數據。有關這些類型的數據的詳細信息,可以閱讀UNIX中nm的man頁面,其中按照該命令輸出中的字符編碼分別對每種類型進行了描述。
細節,細節…
在目標文件階段,即使是一個簡單的Hello World程序,其中也包含了大量的細節信息。nm程序可用於列舉符號及其類型和值,但是,要更仔細地研究目標文件中這些命名段的內容,需要使用功能更強大的工具。
其中兩種功能強大的工具是objdump和readelf程序。通過輸入下面的命令,您可以看到目標文件中包含可執行代碼的每個段的匯編清單。對於這麼一個小的程序,編譯器生成了這麼多的代碼,真的很令人驚異!
objdump -d a.out
這個命令生成的輸出如清單3所示。每個可執行代碼段將在需要特定的事件時執行,這些事件包括庫的初始化和該程序本身主入口點。
清單3. objdump命令的輸出
a.out: file format elf32-i386 Disassembly of section .init: 08048278 〈_init>: 8048278: 55 push %ebp 8048279: 89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp 804827b: 83 ec 08 sub $0x8,%esp 804827e: e8 61 00 00 00 call 80482e4 〈call_gmon_start> 8048283: e8 b3 00 00 00 call 804833b 〈frame_dummy> 8048288: e8 9f 01 00 00 call 804842c 〈__do_global_ctors_aux> 804828d: c9 leave 804828e: c3 ret Disassembly of section .plt: 08048290 〈puts@plt-0x10>: 8048290: ff 35 78 95 04 08 pushl 0x8049578 8048296: ff 25 7c 95 04 08 jmp *0x804957c 804829c: 00 00 add %al,(%eax) ... 080482a0 〈puts@plt>: 80482a0: ff 25 80 95 04 08 jmp *0x8049580 80482a6: 68 00 00 00 00 push $0x0 80482ab: e9 e0 ff ff ff jmp 8048290 〈_init+0x18> 080482b0 〈__libc_start_main@plt>: 80482b0: ff 25 84 95 04 08 jmp *0x8049584 80482b6: 68 08 00 00 00 push $0x8 80482bb: e9 d0 ff ff ff jmp 8048290 〈_init+0x18> Disassembly of section .text: 080482c0 〈_start>: 80482c0: 31 ed xor %ebp,%ebp 80482c2: 5e pop %esi 80482c3: 89 e1 mov %esp,%ecx 80482c5: 83 e4 f0 and $0xfffffff0,%esp 80482c8: 50 push %eax 80482c9: 54 push %esp 80482ca: 52 push %edx 80482cb: 68 e1 83 04 08 push $0x80483e1 80482d0: 68 90 83 04 08 push $0x8048390 80482d5: 51 push %ecx 80482d6: 56 push %esi 80482d7: 68 60 83 04 08 push $0x8048360 80482dc: e8 cf ff ff ff call 80482b0 〈__libc_start_main@plt> 80482e1: f4 hlt 80482e2: 90 nop 80482e3: 90 nop 080482e4 〈call_gmon_start>: 80482e4: 55 push %ebp 80482e5: 89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp 80482e7: 53 push %ebx 80482e8: e8 1b 00 00 00 call 8048308 〈__i686.get_pc_thunk.bx> 80482ed: 81 c3 87 12 00 00 add $0x1287,%ebx 80482f3: 83 ec 04 sub $0x4,%esp 80482f6: 8b 83 fc ff ff ff mov 0xfffffffc(%ebx),%eax 80482fc: 85 c0 test %eax,%eax 80482fe: 74 02 je 8048302 8048300: ff d0 call *%eax 8048302: 83 c4 04 add $0x4,%esp 8048305: 5b pop %ebx 8048306: 5d pop %ebp 8048307: c3 ret 08048308 〈__i686.get_pc_thunk.bx>: 8048308: 8b 1c 24 mov (%esp),%ebx 804830b: c3 ret 0804830c 〈__do_global_dtors_aux>: 804830c: 55 push %ebp 804830d: 89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp 804830f: 83 ec 08 sub $0x8,%esp 8048312: 80 3d 94 95 04 08 00 cmpb $0x0,0x8049594 8048319: 74 0c je 8048327 〈__do_global_dtors_aux+0x1b> 804831b: eb 1c jmp 8048339 〈__do_global_dtors_aux+0x2d> 804831d: 83 c0 04 add $0x4,%eax 8048320: a3 90 95 04 08 mov %eax,0x8049590 8048325: ff d2 call *%edx 8048327: a1 90 95 04 08 mov 0x8049590,%eax 804832c: 8b 10 mov (%eax),%edx 804832e: 85 d2 test %edx,%edx 8048330: 75 eb jne 804831d 〈__do_global_dtors_aux+0x11> 8048332: c6 05 94 95 04 08 01 movb $0x1,0x8049594 8048339: c9 leave 804833a: c3 ret 0804833b 〈frame_dummy>: 804833b: 55 push %ebp 804833c: 89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp 804833e: 83 ec 08 sub $0x8,%esp 8048341: a1 a4 94 04 08 mov 0x80494a4,%eax 8048346: 85 c0 test %eax,%eax 8048348: 74 12 je 804835c 804834a: b8 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%eax 804834f: 85 c0 test %eax,%eax 8048351: 74 09 je 804835c 8048353: c7 04 24 a4 94 04 08 movl $0x80494a4,(%esp) 804835a: ff d0 call *%eax 804835c: c9 leave 804835d: c3 ret 804835e: 90 nop 804835f: 90 nop 08048360 〈main>: 8048360: 55 push %ebp 8048361: 89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp 8048363: 83 ec 08 sub $0x8,%esp 8048366: 83 e4 f0 and $0xfffffff0,%esp 8048369: b8 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%eax 804836e: 83 c0 0f add $0xf,%eax 8048371: 83 c0 0f add $0xf,%eax 8048374: c1 e8 04 shr $0x4,%eax 8048377: c1 e0 04 shl $0x4,%eax 804837a: 29 c4 sub %eax,%esp 804837c: c7 04 24 80 84 04 08 movl $0x8048480,(%esp) 8048383: e8 18 ff ff ff call 80482a0 8048388: b8 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%eax 804838d: c9 leave 804838e: c3 ret 804838f: 90 nop 08048390 〈__libc_csu_init>: 8048390: 55 push %ebp 8048391: 89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp 8048393: 57 push %edi 8048394: 56 push %esi 8048395: 31 f6 xor %esi,%esi 8048397: 53 push %ebx 8048398: e8 6b ff ff ff call 8048308 〈__i686.get_pc_thunk.bx> 804839d: 81 c3 d7 11 00 00 add $0x11d7,%ebx 80483a3: 83 ec 0c sub $0xc,%esp 80483a6: e8 cd fe ff ff call 8048278 〈_init> 80483ab: 8d 83 20 ff ff ff lea 0xffffff20(%ebx),%eax 80483b1: 8d 93 20 ff ff ff lea 0xffffff20(%ebx),%edx 80483b7: 89 45 f0 mov %eax,0xfffffff0(%ebp) 80483ba: 29 d0 sub %edx,%eax 80483bc: c1 f8 02 sar $0x2,%eax 80483bf: 39 c6 cmp %eax,%esi 80483c1: 73 16 jae 80483d9 〈__libc_csu_init+0x49> 80483c3: 89 d7 mov %edx,%edi 80483c5: ff 14 b2 call *(%edx,%esi,4) 80483c8: 8b 45 f0 mov 0xfffffff0(%ebp),%eax 80483cb: 83 c6 01 add $0x1,%esi 80483ce: 29 f8 sub %edi,%eax 80483d0: 89 fa mov %edi,%edx 80483d2: c1 f8 02 sar $0x2,%eax 80483d5: 39 c6 cmp %eax,%esi 80483d7: 72 ec jb 80483c5 〈__libc_csu_init+0x35> 80483d9: 83 c4 0c add $0xc,%esp 80483dc: 5b pop %ebx 80483dd: 5e pop %esi 80483de: 5f pop %edi 80483df: 5d pop %ebp 80483e0: c3 ret 080483e1 〈__libc_csu_fini>: 80483e1: 55 push %ebp 80483e2: 89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp 80483e4: 83 ec 18 sub $0x18,%esp 80483e7: 89 5d f4 mov %ebx,0xfffffff4(%ebp) 80483ea: e8 19 ff ff ff call 8048308 〈__i686.get_pc_thunk.bx> 80483ef: 81 c3 85 11 00 00 add $0x1185,%ebx 80483f5: 89 75 f8 mov %esi,0xfffffff8(%ebp) 80483f8: 89 7d fc mov %edi,0xfffffffc(%ebp) 80483fb: 8d b3 20 ff ff ff lea 0xffffff20(%ebx),%esi 8048401: 8d bb 20 ff ff ff lea 0xffffff20(%ebx),%edi 8048407: 29 fe sub %edi,%esi 8048409: c1 fe 02 sar $0x2,%esi 804840c: eb 03 jmp 8048411 〈__libc_csu_fini+0x30> 804840e: ff 14 b7 call *(%edi,%esi,4) 8048411: 83 ee 01 sub $0x1,%esi 8048414: 83 fe ff cmp $0xffffffff,%esi 8048417: 75 f5 jne 804840e 〈__libc_csu_fini+0x2d> 8048419: e8 3a 00 00 00 call 8048458 〈_fini> 804841e: 8b 5d f4 mov 0xfffffff4(%ebp),%ebx 8048421: 8b 75 f8 mov 0xfffffff8(%ebp),%esi 8048424: 8b 7d fc mov 0xfffffffc(%ebp),%edi 8048427: 89 ec mov %ebp,%esp 8048429: 5d pop %ebp 804842a: c3 ret 804842b: 90 nop 0804842c 〈__do_global_ctors_aux>: 804842c: 55 push %ebp 804842d: 89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp 804842f: 53 push %ebx 8048430: 83 ec 04 sub $0x4,%esp 8048433: a1 94 94 04 08 mov 0x8049494,%eax 8048438: 83 f8 ff cmp $0xffffffff,%eax 804843b: 74 12 je 804844f 〈__do_global_ctors_aux+0x23> 804843d: bb 94 94 04 08 mov $0x8049494,%ebx 8048442: ff d0 call *%eax 8048444: 8b 43 fc mov 0xfffffffc(%ebx),%eax 8048447: 83 eb 04 sub $0x4,%ebx 804844a: 83 f8 ff cmp $0xffffffff,%eax 804844d: 75 f3 jne 8048442 〈__do_global_ctors_aux+0x16> 804844f: 83 c4 04 add $0x4,%esp 8048452: 5b pop %ebx 8048453: 5d pop %ebp 8048454: c3 ret 8048455: 90 nop 8048456: 90 nop 8048457: 90 nop Disassembly of section .fini: 08048458 〈_fini>: 8048458: 55 push %ebp 8048459: 89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp 804845b: 53 push %ebx 804845c: e8 a7 fe ff ff call 8048308 〈__i686.get_pc_thunk.bx> 8048461: 81 c3 13 11 00 00 add $0x1113,%ebx 8048467: 83 ec 04 sub $0x4,%esp 804846a: e8 9d fe ff ff call 804830c 〈__do_global_dtors_aux> 804846f: 83 c4 04 add $0x4,%esp 8048472: 5b pop %ebx 8048473: 5d pop %ebp 8048474: c3 ret
對於那些著迷於底層編程細節的程序員來說,這是一個功能非常強大的工具,可用於研究編譯器和匯編器的輸出。細節信息,比如這段代碼中所顯示的這些信息,可以揭示有關本地處理器本身運行方式的很多內容。對該處理器制造商提供的技術文檔進行深入的研究,您可以收集關於一些有價值的信息,通過這些信息可以深入地了解內部的運行機制,因為功能程序提供了清晰的輸出。
類似地,readelf程序也可以清楚地列出目標文件中的內容。輸入下面的命令,您將可以看到這一點:
readelf -all a.out
這個命令生成的輸出如清單4所示。ELF Header為該文件中所有段入口顯示了詳細的摘要。在列舉出這些Header中的內容之前,您可以看到Header的具體數目。在研究一個較大的目標文件時,該信息可能非常有用。
清單4. readelf命令的輸出
ELF Header: Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 Class: ELF32 Data: 2's complement, little endian Version: 1 (current) OS/ABI: UNIX - System V ABI Version: 0 Type: EXEC (Executable file) Machine: Intel 80386 Version: 0x1 Entry point address: 0x80482c0 Start of program headers: 52 (bytes into file) Start of section headers: 3504 (bytes into file) Flags: 0x0 Size of this header: 52 (bytes) Size of program headers: 32 (bytes) Number of program headers: 7 Size of section headers: 40 (bytes) Number of section headers: 34 Section header string table index: 31 Section Headers: [Nr] Name Type Addr Off Size ES Flg Lk Inf Al [ 0] NULL 00000000 000000 000000 00 0 0 0 [ 1] .interp PROGBITS 08048114 000114 000013 00 A 0 0 1 [ 2] .note.ABI-tag NOTE 08048128 000128 000020 00 A 0 0 4 [ 3] .hash HASH 08048148 000148 00002c 04 A 4 0 4 [ 4] .dynsym DYNSYM 08048174 000174 000060 10 A 5 1 4 [ 5] .dynstr STRTAB 080481d4 0001d4 00005e 00 A 0 0 1 [ 6] .gnu.version VERSYM 08048232 000232 00000c 02 A 4 0 2 [ 7] .gnu.version_r VERNEED 08048240 000240 000020 00 A 5 1 4 [ 8] .rel.dyn REL 08048260 000260 000008 08 A 4 0 4 [ 9] .rel.plt REL 08048268 000268 000010 08 A 4 11 4 [10] .init PROGBITS 08048278 000278 000017 00 AX 0 0 1 [11] .plt PROGBITS 08048290 000290 000030 04 AX 0 0 4 [12] .text PROGBITS 080482c0 0002c0 000198 00 AX 0 0 4 [13] .fini PROGBITS 08048458 000458 00001d 00 AX 0 0 1 [14] .rodata PROGBITS 08048478 000478 000015 00 A 0 0 4 [15] .eh_frame PROGBITS 08048490 000490 000004 00 A 0 0 4 [16] .ctors PROGBITS 08049494 000494 000008 00 WA 0 0 4 [17] .dtors PROGBITS 0804949c 00049c 000008 00 WA 0 0 4 [18] .jcr PROGBITS 080494a4 0004a4 000004 00 WA 0 0 4 [19] .dynamic DYNAMIC 080494a8 0004a8 0000c8 08 WA 5 0 4 [20] .got PROGBITS 08049570 000570 000004 04 WA 0 0 4 [21] .got.plt PROGBITS 08049574 000574 000014 04 WA 0 0 4 [22] .data PROGBITS 08049588 000588 00000c 00 WA 0 0 4 [23] .bss NOBITS 08049594 000594 000004 00 WA 0 0 4 [24] .comment PROGBITS 00000000 000594 000126 00 0 0 1 [25] .debug_aranges PROGBITS 00000000 0006c0 000088 00 0 0 8 [26] .debug_pubnames PROGBITS 00000000 000748 000025 00 0 0 1 [27] .debug_info PROGBITS 00000000 00076d 00022b 00 0 0 1 [28] .debug_abbrev PROGBITS 00000000 000998 000076 00 0 0 1 [29] .debug_line PROGBITS 00000000 000a0e 0001bb 00 0 0 1 [30] .debug_str PROGBITS 00000000 000bc9 0000bf 01 MS 0 0 1 [31] .shstrtab STRTAB 00000000 000c88 000127 00 0 0 1 [32] .symtab SYMTAB 00000000 001300 000520 10 33 63 4 [33] .strtab STRTAB 00000000 001820 0002d2 00 0 0 1 Key to Flags: W (write), A (alloc), X (execute), M (merge), S (strings) I (info), L (link order), G (group), x (unknown) O (extra OS processing required) o (OS specific), p (processor specific) There are no section groups in this file. Program Headers: Type Offset VirtAddr PhysAddr FileSiz MemSiz Flg Align PHDR 0x000034 0x08048034 0x08048034 0x000e0 0x000e0 R E 0x4 INTERP 0x000114 0x08048114 0x08048114 0x00013 0x00013 R 0x1 [Requesting program interpreter: /lib/ld-linux.so.2] LOAD 0x000000 0x08048000 0x08048000 0x00494 0x00494 R E 0x1000 LOAD 0x000494 0x08049494 0x08049494 0x00100 0x00104 RW 0x1000 DYNAMIC 0x0004a8 0x080494a8 0x080494a8 0x000c8 0x000c8 RW 0x4 NOTE 0x000128 0x08048128 0x08048128 0x00020 0x00020 R 0x4 GNU_STACK 0x000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000 0x00000 RW 0x4 Section to Segment mapping: Segment Sections... 00 01 .interp 02 .interp .note.ABI-tag .hash .dynsym .dynstr .gnu.version .gnu.version_r .rel.dyn .rel.plt .init .plt .text .fini .rodata .eh_frame 03 .ctors .dtors .jcr .dynamic .got .got.plt .data .bss 04 .dynamic 05 .note.ABI-tag 06 Dynamic section at offset 0x4a8 contains 20 entries: Tag Type Name/Value 0x00000001 (NEEDED) Shared library: [libc.so.6] 0x0000000c (INIT) 0x8048278 0x0000000d (FINI) 0x8048458 0x00000004 (HASH) 0x8048148 0x00000005 (STRTAB) 0x80481d4 0x00000006 (SYMTAB) 0x8048174 0x0000000a (STRSZ) 94 (bytes) 0x0000000b (SYMENT) 16 (bytes) 0x00000015 (DEBUG) 0x0 0x00000003 (PLTGOT) 0x8049574 0x00000002 (PLTRELSZ) 16 (bytes) 0x00000014 (PLTREL) REL 0x00000017 (JMPREL) 0x8048268 0x00000011 (REL) 0x8048260 0x00000012 (RELSZ) 8 (bytes) 0x00000013 (RELENT) 8 (bytes) 0x6ffffffe (VERNEED) 0x8048240 0x6fffffff (VERNEEDNUM) 1 0x6ffffff0 (VERSYM) 0x8048232 0x00000000 (NULL) 0x0 Relocation section '.rel.dyn' at offset 0x260 contains 1 entries: Offset Info Type Sym.Value Sym. Name 08049570 00000506 R_386_GLOB_DAT 00000000 __gmon_start__ Relocation section '.rel.plt' at offset 0x268 contains 2 entries: Offset Info Type Sym.Value Sym. Name 08049580 00000107 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 00000000 puts 08049584 00000207 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 00000000 __libc_start_main There are no unwind sections in this file. Symbol table '.dynsym' contains 6 entries: Num: Value Size Type Bind Vis Ndx Name 0: 00000000 0 NOTYPE LOCAL DEFAULT UND 1: 00000000 378 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND puts@GLIBC_2.0 (2) 2: 00000000 230 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND __libc_start_main@GLIBC_2.0 (2) 3: 0804847c 4 OBJECT GLOBAL DEFAULT 14 _IO_stdin_used 4: 00000000 0 NOTYPE WEAK DEFAULT UND _Jv_RegisterClasses 5: 00000000 0 NOTYPE WEAK DEFAULT UND __gmon_start__ Symbol table '.symtab' contains 82 entries: Num: Value Size Type Bind Vis Ndx Name 0: 00000000 0 NOTYPE LOCAL DEFAULT UND 1: 08048114 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 1 2: 08048128 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 2 3: 08048148 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 3 4: 08048174 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 4 5: 080481d4 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 5 6: 08048232 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 6 7: 08048240 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 7 8: 08048260 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 8 9: 08048268 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 9 10: 08048278 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 10 11: 08048290 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 11 12: 080482c0 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 12 13: 08048458 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 13 14: 08048478 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 14 15: 08048490 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 15 16: 08049494 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 16 17: 0804949c 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 17 18: 080494a4 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 18 19: 080494a8 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 19 20: 08049570 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 20 21: 08049574 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 21 22: 08049588 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 22 23: 08049594 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 23 24: 00000000 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 24 25: 00000000 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 25 26: 00000000 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 26 27: 00000000 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 27 28: 00000000 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 28 29: 00000000 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 29 30: 00000000 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 30 31: 00000000 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 31 32: 00000000 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 32 33: 00000000 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 33 34: 00000000 0 FILE LOCAL DEFAULT ABS abi-note.S 35: 00000000 0 FILE LOCAL DEFAULT ABS ../sysdeps/i386/elf/start 36: 00000000 0 FILE LOCAL DEFAULT ABS init.c 37: 00000000 0 FILE LOCAL DEFAULT ABS initfini.c 38: 00000000 0 FILE LOCAL DEFAULT ABS /build/buildd/glibc-2.3.6 39: 080482e4 0 FUNC LOCAL DEFAULT 12 call_gmon_start 40: 00000000 0 FILE LOCAL DEFAULT ABS crtstuff.c 41: 08049494 0 OBJECT LOCAL DEFAULT 16 __CTOR_LIST__ 42: 0804949c 0 OBJECT LOCAL DEFAULT 17 __DTOR_LIST__ 43: 080494a4 0 OBJECT LOCAL DEFAULT 18 __JCR_LIST__ 44: 08049594 1 OBJECT LOCAL DEFAULT 23 completed.4463 45: 08049590 0 OBJECT LOCAL DEFAULT 22 p.4462 46: 0804830c 0 FUNC LOCAL DEFAULT 12 __do_global_dtors_aux 47: 0804833b 0 FUNC LOCAL DEFAULT 12 frame_dummy 48: 00000000 0 FILE LOCAL DEFAULT ABS crtstuff.c 49: 08049498 0 OBJECT LOCAL DEFAULT 16 __CTOR_END__ 50: 080494a0 0 OBJECT LOCAL DEFAULT 17 __DTOR_END__ 51: 08048490 0 OBJECT LOCAL DEFAULT 15 __FRAME_END__ 52: 080494a4 0 OBJECT LOCAL DEFAULT 18 __JCR_END__ 53: 0804842c 0 FUNC LOCAL DEFAULT 12 __do_global_ctors_aux 54: 00000000 0 FILE LOCAL DEFAULT ABS initfini.c 55: 00000000 0 FILE LOCAL DEFAULT ABS /build/buildd/glibc-2.3.6 56: 00000000 0 FILE LOCAL DEFAULT ABS hw.c 57: 080494a8 0 OBJECT LOCAL HIDDEN 19 _DYNAMIC 58: 08049494 0 NOTYPE LOCAL HIDDEN ABS __fini_array_end 59: 08049494 0 NOTYPE LOCAL HIDDEN ABS __fini_array_start 60: 08049494 0 NOTYPE LOCAL HIDDEN ABS __init_array_end 61: 08049574 0 OBJECT LOCAL HIDDEN 21 _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ 62: 08049494 0 NOTYPE LOCAL HIDDEN ABS __init_array_start 63: 08048478 4 OBJECT GLOBAL DEFAULT 14 _fp_hw 64: 0804958c 0 OBJECT GLOBAL HIDDEN 22 __dso_handle 65: 080483e1 74 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 12 __libc_csu_fini 66: 00000000 378 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND puts@@GLIBC_2.0 67: 08048278 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 10 _init 68: 080482c0 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 12 _start 69: 08048390 81 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 12 __libc_csu_init 70: 08049594 0 NOTYPE GLOBAL DEFAULT ABS __bss_start 71: 08048360 47 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 12 main 72: 00000000 230 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND __libc_start_main@@GLIBC_ 73: 08049588 0 NOTYPE WEAK DEFAULT 22 data_start 74: 08048458 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 _fini 75: 08049594 0 NOTYPE GLOBAL DEFAULT ABS _edata 76: 08048308 0 FUNC GLOBAL HIDDEN 12 __i686.get_pc_thunk.bx 77: 08049598 0 NOTYPE GLOBAL DEFAULT ABS _end 78: 0804847c 4 OBJECT GLOBAL DEFAULT 14 _IO_stdin_used 79: 08049588 0 NOTYPE GLOBAL DEFAULT 22 __data_start 80: 00000000 0 NOTYPE WEAK DEFAULT UND _Jv_RegisterClasses 81: 00000000 0 NOTYPE WEAK DEFAULT UND __gmon_start__ Histogram for bucket list length (total of 3 buckets): Length Number % of total Coverage 0 0 ( 0.0%) 1 1 ( 33.3%) 20.0% 2 2 ( 66.7%) 100.0% Version symbols section '.gnu.version' contains 6 entries: Addr: 0000000008048232 Offset: 0x000232 Link: 4 (.dynsym) 000: 0 (*local*) 2 (GLIBC_2.0) 2 (GLIBC_2.0) 1 (*global*) 004: 0 (*local*) 0 (*local*) Version needs section '.gnu.version_r' contains 1 entries: Addr: 0x0000000008048240 Offset: 0x000240 Link to section: 5 (.dynstr) 000000: Version: 1 File: libc.so.6 Cnt: 1 0x0010: Name: GLIBC_2.0 Flags: none Version: 2 Notes at offset 0x00000128 with length 0x00000020: Owner Data size Description GNU 0x00000010 NT_VERSION (version)
正如從該輸出中看到的,簡單的a.out Hello World文件中包含了大量有價值的細節信息,包括版本信息、柱狀圖、各種符號類型的表格,等等。通過使用本文中介紹的這幾種工具分析目標文件,您可以慢慢地對可執行程序進行研究。
除了所有這些段之外,編譯器可以將調試信息放入到目標文件中,並且還可以顯示這些信息。輸入下面的命令,仔細分析編譯器的輸出(假設您扮演了調試程序的角色):
readelf --debug-dump a.out | less
這個命令生成的輸出如清單5所示。調試工具,如GDB,可以讀取這些調試信息,並且當程序在調試器中運行的同時,您可以使用該工具顯示更具描述性的標記,而不是對代碼進行反匯編時的原始地址值。
清單 5. 該程序中的調試信息
The section .debug_aranges contains: Length: 28 Version: 2 Offset into .debug_info: 0 Pointer Size: 4 Segment Size: 0 Address Length 080482c0 34 Length: 52 Version: 2 Offset into .debug_info: 10b Pointer Size: 4 Segment Size: 0 Address Length 08048308 4 08048458 18 08048278 11 080482e4 36 Length: 44 Version: 2 Offset into .debug_info: 19b Pointer Size: 4 Segment Size: 0 Address Length 08048308 4 0804846f 6 0804828d 2 Contents of the .debug_pubnames section: Length: 33 Version: 2 Offset into .debug_info section: 122 Size of area in .debug_info section: 145 Offset Name 121 _IO_stdin_used The section .debug_info contains: Compilation Unit @ offset 0x0: Length: 118 Version: 2 Abbrev Offset: 0 Pointer Size: 4 <0>: Abbrev Number: 1 (DW_TAG_compile_unit) DW_AT_stmt_list : 0 DW_AT_low_pc : 0x80482c0 DW_AT_high_pc : 0x80482e2 DW_AT_name : ../sysdeps/i386/elf/start.S DW_AT_comp_dir : /build/buildd/glibc-2.3.6/build-tree/glibc-2.3.6/csu DW_AT_producer : GNU AS 2.16.91 DW_AT_language : 32769 (MIPS assembler) Compilation Unit @ offset 0x7a: Length: 141 Version: 2 Abbrev Offset: 20 Pointer Size: 4 <0><85>: Abbrev Number: 1 (DW_TAG_compile_unit) DW_AT_stmt_list : 0x5b DW_AT_high_pc : 0x80482e4 DW_AT_low_pc : 0x80482e4 DW_AT_producer : (indirect string, offset: 0x62): GNU C 3.4.6 DW_AT_language : 1 (ANSI C) DW_AT_name : (indirect string, offset: 0x0): init.c DW_AT_comp_dir : (indirect string, offset: 0x11): /build/buildd/... <1><9f>: Abbrev Number: 2 (DW_TAG_base_type) DW_AT_name : (indirect string, offset: 0x90): unsigned int DW_AT_byte_size : 4 DW_AT_encoding : 7 (unsigned) <1>: Abbrev Number: 2 (DW_TAG_base_type) DW_AT_name : (indirect string, offset: 0x54): unsigned char DW_AT_byte_size : 1 DW_AT_encoding : 8 (unsigned char) <1>: Abbrev Number: 2 (DW_TAG_base_type) DW_AT_name : (indirect string, offset: 0x9d): short unsigned int DW_AT_byte_size : 2 DW_AT_encoding : 7 (unsigned) <1>: Abbrev Number: 2 (DW_TAG_base_type) DW_AT_name : (indirect string, offset: 0x8b): long unsigned int DW_AT_byte_size : 4 DW_AT_encoding : 7 (unsigned) <1> : Abbrev Number: 2 (DW_TAG_base_type) DW_AT_name : (indirect string, offset: 0x56): signed char DW_AT_byte_size : 1 DW_AT_encoding : 6 (signed char) <1> : Abbrev Number: 2 (DW_TAG_base_type) DW_AT_name : (indirect string, offset: 0x7): short int DW_AT_byte_size : 2 DW_AT_encoding : 5 (signed) <1> : Abbrev Number: 3 (DW_TAG_base_type) DW_AT_name : int DW_AT_byte_size : 4 DW_AT_encoding : 5 (signed) <1> : Abbrev Number: 2 (DW_TAG_base_type) DW_AT_name : (indirect string, offset: 0x46): long long int DW_AT_byte_size : 8 DW_AT_encoding : 5 (signed) <1> : Abbrev Number: 2 (DW_TAG_base_type) DW_AT_name : (indirect string, offset: 0x86): long long unsigned int DW_AT_byte_size : 8 DW_AT_encoding : 7 (unsigned) <1> : Abbrev Number: 2 (DW_TAG_base_type) DW_AT_name : (indirect string, offset: 0x4b): long int DW_AT_byte_size : 4 DW_AT_encoding : 5 (signed) <1> : Abbrev Number: 2 (DW_TAG_base_type) DW_AT_name : (indirect string, offset: 0x90): unsigned int DW_AT_byte_size : 4 DW_AT_encoding : 7 (unsigned) <1> : Abbrev Number: 2 (DW_TAG_base_type) DW_AT_name : (indirect string, offset: 0x5d): char DW_AT_byte_size : 1 DW_AT_encoding : 6 (signed char) <1> : Abbrev Number: 4 (DW_TAG_variable) DW_AT_name : (indirect string, offset: 0xb0): _IO_stdin_used DW_AT_decl_file : 1 DW_AT_decl_line : 25 DW_AT_type : <105> DW_AT_external : 1 DW_AT_location : 5 byte block: 3 7c 84 4 8 (DW_OP_addr: 804847c) <1><105>: Abbrev Number: 5 (DW_TAG_const_type) DW_AT_type : Compilation Unit @ offset 0x10b: Length: 140 Version: 2 Abbrev Offset: 86 Pointer Size: 4 <0><116>: Abbrev Number: 1 (DW_TAG_compile_unit) DW_AT_stmt_list : 0x82 DW_AT_name : /build/buildd/glibc-2.3.6/build-tree/i386-libc/csu/crti.S DW_AT_comp_dir : /build/buildd/glibc-2.3.6/build-tree/glibc-2.3.6/csu DW_AT_producer : GNU AS 2.16.91 DW_AT_language : 32769 (MIPS assembler) Compilation Unit @ offset 0x19b: Length: 140 Version: 2 Abbrev Offset: 102 Pointer Size: 4 <0><1a6>: Abbrev Number: 1 (DW_TAG_compile_unit) DW_AT_stmt_list : 0x12f DW_AT_name : /build/buildd/glibc-2.3.6/build-tree/i386-libc/csu/crtn.S DW_AT_comp_dir : /build/buildd/glibc-2.3.6/build-tree/glibc-2.3.6/csu DW_AT_producer : GNU AS 2.16.91 DW_AT_language : 32769 (MIPS assembler) Contents of the .debug_abbrev section: Number TAG 1 DW_TAG_compile_unit [no children] DW_AT_stmt_list DW_FORM_data4 DW_AT_low_pc DW_FORM_addr DW_AT_high_pc DW_FORM_addr DW_AT_name DW_FORM_string DW_AT_comp_dir DW_FORM_string DW_AT_producer DW_FORM_string DW_AT_language DW_FORM_data2 Number TAG 1 DW_TAG_compile_unit [has children] DW_AT_stmt_list DW_FORM_data4 DW_AT_high_pc DW_FORM_addr DW_AT_low_pc DW_FORM_addr DW_AT_producer DW_FORM_strp DW_AT_language DW_FORM_data1 DW_AT_name DW_FORM_strp DW_AT_comp_dir DW_FORM_strp 2 DW_TAG_base_type [no children] DW_AT_name DW_FORM_strp DW_AT_byte_size DW_FORM_data1 DW_AT_encoding DW_FORM_data1 3 DW_TAG_base_type [no children] DW_AT_name DW_FORM_string DW_AT_byte_size DW_FORM_data1 DW_AT_encoding DW_FORM_data1 4 DW_TAG_variable [no children] DW_AT_name DW_FORM_strp DW_AT_decl_file DW_FORM_data1 DW_AT_decl_line DW_FORM_data1 DW_AT_type DW_FORM_ref4 DW_AT_external DW_FORM_flag DW_AT_location DW_FORM_block1 5 DW_TAG_const_type [no children] DW_AT_type DW_FORM_ref4 Number TAG 1 DW_TAG_compile_unit [no children] DW_AT_stmt_list DW_FORM_data4 DW_AT_name DW_FORM_string DW_AT_comp_dir DW_FORM_string DW_AT_producer DW_FORM_string DW_AT_language DW_FORM_data2 Number TAG 1 DW_TAG_compile_unit [no children] DW_AT_stmt_list DW_FORM_data4 DW_AT_name DW_FORM_string DW_AT_comp_dir DW_FORM_string DW_AT_producer DW_FORM_string DW_AT_language DW_FORM_data2 Dump of debug contents of section .debug_line: Length: 87 DWARF Version: 2 Prologue Length: 50 Minimum Instruction Length: 1 Initial value of 'is_stmt': 1 Line Base: -5 Line Range: 14 Opcode Base: 13 (Pointer size: 4) Opcodes: Opcode 1 has 0 args Opcode 2 has 1 args Opcode 3 has 1 args Opcode 4 has 1 args Opcode 5 has 1 args Opcode 6 has 0 args Opcode 7 has 0 args Opcode 8 has 0 args Opcode 9 has 1 args Opcode 10 has 0 args Opcode 11 has 0 args Opcode 12 has 1 args The Directory Table: ../sysdeps/i386/elf The File Name Table: Entry Dir Time Size Name 1 1 0 0 start.S Line Number Statements: Extended opcode 2: set Address to 0x80482c0 Advance Line by 64 to 65 Copy Special opcode 38: advance Address by 2 to 0x80482c2 and Line by 5 to 70 Special opcode 20: advance Address by 1 to 0x80482c3 and Line by 1 to 71 Special opcode 39: advance Address by 2 to 0x80482c5 and Line by 6 to 77 Special opcode 48: advance Address by 3 to 0x80482c8 and Line by 1 to 78 Special opcode 24: advance Address by 1 to 0x80482c9 and Line by 5 to 83 Special opcode 21: advance Address by 1 to 0x80482ca and Line by 2 to 85 Advance Line by 24 to 109 Special opcode 19: advance Address by 1 to 0x80482cb and Line by 0 to 109 Special opcode 76: advance Address by 5 to 0x80482d0 and Line by 1 to 110 Special opcode 77: advance Address by 5 to 0x80482d5 and Line by 2 to 112 Special opcode 20: advance Address by 1 to 0x80482d6 and Line by 1 to 113 Special opcode 21: advance Address by 1 to 0x80482d7 and Line by 2 to 115 Special opcode 79: advance Address by 5 to 0x80482dc and Line by 4 to 119 Special opcode 78: advance Address by 5 to 0x80482e1 and Line by 3 to 122 Advance PC by 1 to 0x80482e2 Extended opcode 1: End of Sequence Length: 35 DWARF Version: 2 Prologue Length: 29 Minimum Instruction Length: 1 Initial value of 'is_stmt': 1 Line Base: -5 Line Range: 14 Opcode Base: 13 (Pointer size: 4) Opcodes: Opcode 1 has 0 args Opcode 2 has 1 args Opcode 3 has 1 args Opcode 4 has 1 args Opcode 5 has 1 args Opcode 6 has 0 args Opcode 7 has 0 args Opcode 8 has 0 args Opcode 9 has 1 args Opcode 10 has 0 args Opcode 11 has 0 args Opcode 12 has 1 args The Directory Table is empty. The File Name Table: Entry Dir Time Size Name 1 0 0 0 init.c Line Number Statements: Length: 169 DWARF Version: 2 Prologue Length: 80 Minimum Instruction Length: 1 Initial value of 'is_stmt': 1 Line Base: -5 Line Range: 14 Opcode Base: 13 (Pointer size: 4) Opcodes: Opcode 1 has 0 args Opcode 2 has 1 args Opcode 3 has 1 args Opcode 4 has 1 args Opcode 5 has 1 args Opcode 6 has 0 args Opcode 7 has 0 args Opcode 8 has 0 args Opcode 9 has 1 args Opcode 10 has 0 args Opcode 11 has 0 args Opcode 12 has 1 args The Directory Table: /build/buildd/glibc-2.3.6/build-tree/i386-libc/csu The File Name Table: Entry Dir Time Size Name 1 1 0 0 crti.S Line Number Statements: Extended opcode 2: set Address to 0x8048308 Advance Line by 64 to 65 Copy Special opcode 48: advance Address by 3 to 0x804830b and Line by 1 to 66 Advance PC by 1 to 0x804830c Extended opcode 1: End of Sequence Extended opcode 2: set Address to 0x8048458 Advance Line by 46 to 47 Copy Special opcode 20: advance Address by 1 to 0x8048459 and Line by 1 to 48 Special opcode 34: advance Address by 2 to 0x804845b and Line by 1 to 49 Special opcode 20: advance Address by 1 to 0x804845c and Line by 1 to 50 Special opcode 76: advance Address by 5 to 0x8048461 and Line by 1 to 51 Special opcode 90: advance Address by 6 to 0x8048467 and Line by 1 to 52 Advance PC by 3 to 0x804846a Extended opcode 1: End of Sequence Extended opcode 2: set Address to 0x8048278 Advance Line by 31 to 32 Copy Special opcode 20: advance Address by 1 to 0x8048279 and Line by 1 to 33 Special opcode 34: advance Address by 2 to 0x804827b and Line by 1 to 34 Special opcode 48: advance Address by 3 to 0x804827e and Line by 1 to 35 Advance PC by 5 to 0x8048283 Extended opcode 1: End of Sequence Extended opcode 2: set Address to 0x80482e4 Advance Line by 10 to 11 Copy Special opcode 20: advance Address by 1 to 0x80482e5 and Line by 1 to 12 Special opcode 34: advance Address by 2 to 0x80482e7 and Line by 1 to 13 Special opcode 20: advance Address by 1 to 0x80482e8 and Line by 1 to 14 Special opcode 76: advance Address by 5 to 0x80482ed and Line by 1 to 15 Special opcode 90: advance Address by 6 to 0x80482f3 and Line by 1 to 16 Special opcode 48: advance Address by 3 to 0x80482f6 and Line by 1 to 17 Special opcode 90: advance Address by 6 to 0x80482fc and Line by 1 to 18 Special opcode 34: advance Address by 2 to 0x80482fe and Line by 1 to 19 Special opcode 34: advance Address by 2 to 0x8048300 and Line by 1 to 20 Special opcode 35: advance Address by 2 to 0x8048302 and Line by 2 to 22 Special opcode 48: advance Address by 3 to 0x8048305 and Line by 1 to 23 Special opcode 20: advance Address by 1 to 0x8048306 and Line by 1 to 24 Special opcode 20: advance Address by 1 to 0x8048307 and Line by 1 to 25 Advance PC by 1 to 0x8048308 Extended opcode 1: End of Sequence Length: 136 DWARF Version: 2 Prologue Length: 80 Minimum Instruction Length: 1 Initial value of 'is_stmt': 1 Line Base: -5 Line Range: 14 Opcode Base: 13 (Pointer size: 4) Opcodes: Opcode 1 has 0 args Opcode 2 has 1 args Opcode 3 has 1 args Opcode 4 has 1 args Opcode 5 has 1 args Opcode 6 has 0 args Opcode 7 has 0 args Opcode 8 has 0 args Opcode 9 has 1 args Opcode 10 has 0 args Opcode 11 has 0 args Opcode 12 has 1 args The Directory Table: /build/buildd/glibc-2.3.6/build-tree/i386-libc/csu The File Name Table: Entry Dir Time Size Name 1 1 0 0 crtn.S Line Number Statements: Extended opcode 2: set Address to 0x8048308 Advance Line by 33 to 34 Copy Special opcode 48: advance Address by 3 to 0x804830b and Line by 1 to 35 Advance PC by 1 to 0x804830c Extended opcode 1: End of Sequence Extended opcode 2: set Address to 0x804846f Advance Line by 18 to 19 Copy Special opcode 48: advance Address by 3 to 0x8048472 and Line by 1 to 20 Special opcode 20: advance Address by 1 to 0x8048473 and Line by 1 to 21 Special opcode 20: advance Address by 1 to 0x8048474 and Line by 1 to 22 Advance PC by 1 to 0x8048475 Extended opcode 1: End of Sequence Extended opcode 2: set Address to 0x804828d Advance Line by 9 to 10 Copy Special opcode 20: advance Address by 1 to 0x804828e and Line by 1 to 11 Advance PC by 1 to 0x804828f Extended opcode 1: End of Sequence Contents of the .debug_str section: 0x00000000 696e6974 2e630073 686f7274 20696e74 init.c.short int 0x00000010 002f6275 696c642f 6275696c 64642f67 ./build/buildd/g 0x00000020 6c696263 2d322e33 2e362f62 75696c64 libc-2.3.6/build 0x00000030 2d747265 652f676c 6962632d 322e332e -tree/glibc-2.3. 0x00000040 362f6373 75006c6f 6e67206c 6f6e6720 6/csu.long long 0x00000050 696e7400 756e7369 676e6564 20636861 int.unsigned cha 0x00000060 7200474e 55204320 332e342e 36202855 r.GNU C 3.4.6 (U 0x00000070 62756e74 7520332e 342e362d 31756275 buntu 3.4.6-1ubu 0x00000080 6e747532 29006c6f 6e67206c 6f6e6720 ntu2).long long 0x00000090 756e7369 676e6564 20696e74 0073686f unsigned int.sho 0x000000a0 72742075 6e736967 6e656420 696e7400 rt unsigned int. 0x000000b0 5f494f5f 73746469 6e5f7573 656400 _IO_stdin_used.
可執行文件是目標文件
在 UNIX 中,可執行文件是 目標文件,並且您可以像對 a.out 文件那樣對它們進行分析。可以進行一次有益的練習,更改到 /bin 或 /local/bin 目錄,然後針對一些您最常用的命令,如 pwd、ps、cat 或 rm,運行 nm、objdump 和 readelf。通常,在您編寫需要某種功能的程序時,如果標准的工具已經提供了這個功能,那麼通過運行 objdump -d <command>,可以查看這些工具究竟如何完成這項任務。
如果您傾向於使用編譯器和其他的語言工具,那麼您可以對組成計算機系統的各種目標文件進行仔細研究,並且您將會發現這項工作是非常值得的。UNIX 操作系統具有許多層次,那些通過工具查看目標文件所公開的層次,非常接近底層硬件。通過這種方式,您可以真實地接觸到系統。
結束語
研究目標文件可以極大地加深您對 UNIX 操作系統的認識,並且可以更深入地了解如何對軟件的源代碼進行匯編。我鼓勵您使用本文中介紹的目標文件工具對系統中 /bin 或 /local/bin 目錄中的程序進行分析,仔細研究其輸出結果,並找出您的硬件制造商所提供的系統文檔。